--:-- Julia Longoria: We've been swimming in Supreme Court headlines since the term ended yesterday. Justices granting former President Donald Trump some immunity... ...the Supreme Court has overturned a landmark 40-year-old decision that gave federal agencies broad regulatory power. It sidestepped a ruling on the constitutionality of state laws seeking to limit the company's ability to suppress user speech. One big decision you might have missed is the one where the Supreme Court weighed in on homelessness policies. For the first time in a while, they ruled it's not cruel or unusual to criminalize camping in public spaces. That's just as record numbers of Americans are unhoused.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Right now, this whole community, the homeless community is in fear right now that they're going to start being arrested and going to jail. How this ruling could affect towns and cities across the country, coming up on Today Explained.
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--:-- Julia Longoria: I used to host a podcast called More Perfect, all about the Supreme Court. So I've been watching the court's case on homelessness this term since last summer. As soon as a decision came down, I reached out to Steve Mazie, who covers the Supreme Court for The Economist magazine.
--:-- Julia Longoria: The decision is called City of Grants Pass v. Johnson. And Grants Pass is a city in Oregon of about 38,000 people, about 600 of whom are homeless on any given day. The city of Grants Pass claims it does not have enough space and shelters for their homeless population. At the same time, its laws impose civil penalties, including fines, on people sleeping outside on public property.
--:-- Julia Longoria: If the fines are not paid, they can become criminal charges. So some homeless people filed a lawsuit saying this is unconstitutional and it is a violation of the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments. You're punishing us as homeless people. You're punishing homelessness, which under a decision in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from a few years back was determined to be unconstitutional.
--:-- Julia Longoria: It's the largest of the circuits in the federal appellate court system. And so this is a decision that applied to all the Western states, which happen to be the states that have among the worst homelessness crises in the country. And so what happened here in this case, in Grants Pass?
--:-- Julia Longoria: There have been a number of claims since 2018 from homeless people living in various places on the West Coast saying, these ordinances are unconstitutional under the 2018 ruling. And this is one example that you can't ban public sleeping. And this is a decision from the Ninth Circuit that got up to the federal Supreme Court.
--:-- Julia Longoria: And what the court decided, six to three, with all six conservatives on one side and the three liberal justices on the other, they decided that homeless people in Grants Pass do not have a constitutional claim, that the Eighth Amendment does not protect them from ordinances that criminalize sleeping in public or in public parks.
--:-- Julia Longoria: The U.S. Supreme Court has sided with Grants Pass Oregon. The high court's decision is the most significant ruling on the issue in decades. And it comes as cities in the West, like Portland, Seattle, and San Francisco, have struggled to manage tents and outdoor encampments.
--:-- Julia Longoria: And basically this gives cities everywhere in the West and across the country more tools at their disposal to address the homelessness crisis, which the liberal justices thought was unconscionable. Regulation is a biological necessity. It's sort of like breathing. I mean, you could say breathing is conduct too, But presumably you would not think that it's okay to criminalize breathing in public.
--:-- Julia Longoria: So just to review, like before this case, if you were an unhoused person in the West, you had a pretty good legal case to say you can't criminalize me sleeping in public. But now it's going to be a lot easier for cities and states around the country to criminalize camping outside.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Can you tell me about the majority opinion? Who wrote it and how did they come to this opinion?
--:-- Julia Longoria: The majority opinion was written by Justice Neil Gorsuch, who was the first of Donald Trump's justices who he nominated to the court when he first got into office. And Gorsuch begins by acknowledging that homelessness is a crisis, especially in the West.
--:-- Julia Longoria: He quotes someone who says it's the defining public health and safety crisis of the day. But then he says, you know, it's not just a crisis for homeless people. It's a crisis for everyone. And that large public encampments bring with them a lot of crime and disease and drugs.
--:-- Julia Longoria: and it's not the role of the Supreme Court to hamper the efforts of cities to try to address that crisis. He said that this is essentially a matter of local control, saying in part, quote, a handful of federal judges can't begin to match the collective wisdom the American people possess in deciding how best to handle a pressing social question like homelessness end quote
--:-- Julia Longoria: The basic reasoning that Gorsuch summoned in this case is that the Eighth Amendment when it bans cruel and unusual punishment, it's only banning certain methods or kinds of punishment. So he gives the examples of things like disembowelment and public dissection and burning people alive, right? These are cruel and unusual kinds of punishment that the Eighth Amendment prohibits.
--:-- Julia Longoria: So those things, unconstitutional. But imposing civil fines on people for sleeping in public or ordering people to stay out of public parks, those, he said, are not terrible, they are not painful, they are not cruel or unusual.
--:-- Julia Longoria: He also makes a point that the only argument on the other side involves a position that criminalizing someone's status is unconstitutional. And there is one Supreme Court case that suggests that. But he says in this case, homeless people are not being criminalized as people. They're being criminalized for the things they do, which is sleeping in public with a blanket on them or with a pillow under their head.
--:-- Julia Longoria: And then he says this, It makes no difference whether the defendant is homeless, a backpacker on vacation passing through town, or a student who abandons his dorm room to camp out in protest on the lawn of a municipal building.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Interesting. So basically the unhoused people in this case were trying to say, look, you're criminalizing my status as a homeless person. You can't do that. But Gorsuch is basically saying, no, it's not. It's not criminalizing a status. It's criminalizing the action of camping.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Exactly. That is an idea that Justice Sotomayor and her dissent took great issue with. She was aghast during the argument back in April. Where do we put them if every city, every village, every town lacks compassion? And pass is a law identical to this. Where are they supposed to sleep? Are they supposed to kill themselves not sleeping?
--:-- Julia Longoria: And she makes the point over and over, and she develops it, that Grant's pass is punishing homeless people because they are homeless. So in one section of her dissent, Sotomayor looks at Gorsuch's point about backpackers and such being subject to the same rules, and she says this describes a fantasy.
--:-- Julia Longoria: She says on the ground, this is not how it actually works. It's only stopping you from sleeping in public for the purpose of maintaining a temporary place to live. And the police officers testified that that means that if a stargazer wants to take a blanket or a sleeping bag out at night to watch the stars and fall asleep, you don't arrest them.
--:-- Julia Longoria: So in practice, she says, Grants Pass is treating homeless people differently from other kinds of people, people who do have homes. And that means that they are criminalizing a status, which in her view is unconstitutional.
--:-- Julia Longoria: So zooming out for a second, what does this decision mean for the country and for the court? Well, for the country, it puts another tool back in the hands of officials in Western cities who didn't have this tool for the last six years, which is to impose fines on people for sleeping in public and hope to deter that sort of behavior.
--:-- Julia Longoria: And what it might do, ultimately, is sort of force homeless people to move from town to town, depending on how draconian their local ordinances are, which is sort of like a regional game of whack-a-mole for the homeless population, which is really not a public policy solution at all.
--:-- Julia Longoria: And then there's sort of a jurisprudential truism at the core of this case. Oh, gosh, a jurisprudential truism? What does that mean? Okay. It's about the Constitution. People think of the U.S. Constitution as this amazing document, and it has lots of virtues. But this case shows that it may, at least in the eyes of a majority, may not always be the answer.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Not everything good is constitutionally required. There's no right to health care or education in the Constitution. And not everything bad or even unjust is necessarily unconstitutional. Now, of course, when Justice Sotomayor says that what Grant's past is doing is unconscionable and unconstitutional, you know, one of those two adjectives could still be correct after this decision.
--:-- Julia Longoria: But the court's view is the Constitution itself and the Eighth Amendment in particular does not provide homeless people in the West or anywhere in the country with any form of relief.
--:-- Julia Longoria: Coming up, how are cities and towns across the U.S. getting creative in addressing homelessness? Fox correspondent Rachel Cohen, after the break.
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--:-- Julia Longoria: Oh, yay, oh, yay, oh, yay. It's Today Explained. We're back with Vox correspondent Rachel Cohen, who's been reporting on homelessness across the country. So Rachel, we now have a decision in the Supreme Court case of Grant's past v. Johnson.
--:-- Julia Longoria: It affects a relatively small community in Oregon, but it has implications across the country. So give us a sense of the scale of the problem. Like how many people are experiencing homelessness in the U.S. right now, roughly?
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Homelessness is a huge problem in the U.S. Chairs, suitcases, boxes, and even a woman using the restroom on the street. You know, we have a person's belongings right next to our patio. They've been here for weeks. They always keep telling you, well, we're still looking for a place for you. The system is completely overwhelmed.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Over 650,000 people experience homelessness in America on any given night. There's no housing for the homeless. There's no nothing for us except soup kitchens. and man, it's bad. Of those people, roughly 40% are sleeping outside, on the streets, in cars, parks, train stations, and any setting that's not designed primarily for humans to sleep in.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Today, I was taken to spots where dozens of Chattanoogans live, full-time, under bridges, in the woods, in the shadows where you'd never think to look twice. The other 60% stay in what we call emergency or temporary shelters, and federal data published in late 2023 shows a rise in homelessness in most states in the country.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: What accounts for that rise? Do you have a sense like, I know we all have a story that the pandemic led to a rise. Is that true?
--:-- Rachel Cohen: I wouldn't attribute the spike primarily to the pandemic. According to the San Diego Housing Authority, there's a surge of COVID cases happening at San Diego homeless shelters.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: It says in a statement, there were 50 cases at Alpha Project and Father Joe's Villages in the latest round of testing. The story, though, is that homelessness has really been going up in the U.S. since 2016. And the real driver is rising housing costs and a lack of affordable housing, which is a problem that's been brewing for decades in this country, but has really been sort of coming home to roost over the last 10 years.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: My biggest concern is that as much as we try, we might be stuck being in the car for a long time. Just to put this in perspective, the fastest growing demographic of homelessness in America is people over 65. According to research, the number of homeless people over 55 is expected to spike to 225,000 in the next four years nationwide, up from 170,000 in 2017. That's a 32 percent jump.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So broadly speaking, how are communities handling this record-setting number of people who are unhoused? Communities are pursuing a mix of different strategies. Some are increasing funding for low-income housing and passing these measures to make it harder for people to get evicted from their homes.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: That's why New York's capital city of Albany recently became the first city in the state to approve what's called good cause eviction. That makes it harder for landlords to evict tenants without a clear reason why. We have to protect tenants. There are 60% of residents in the city of Albany are renters. and we want to make sure that we are protecting them.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Other communities are also looking for more of these sort of stop the tide measures, like investing more in emergency shelters. Some are banning outdoor camping broadly, but then saying, OK, there can be some places within the city that people can go if they want to sleep outside, but they can't go anywhere else.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: For the first time, we're seeing dozens of locations the city of Austin is considering to designate as homeless camping sites. As you can probably tell, these don't really solve homelessness. The real solutions just take time.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So we're seeing a lot of communities do things that are sort of trying to deal with the problem that might not necessarily solve the problem. We have housing navigation. We have employment navigation. We have an outreach doctor, an outreach nurse that comes in. We have mental health professionals.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So, Rachel, the Supreme Court just came down with this landmark decision. what do you expect to see from cities on the ground now? Effectively, what the decision makes it easier to do is it makes it easier for cities to clear out homeless tent encampments, even if cities don't have actual real other shelter options available for homeless people to go to.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So it also means that it will be easier for cities to enforce their existing camping bans, which could result in more arrests and fines for people experiencing homelessness. That said, I do want to stress, it's not inevitable that criminalization will occur.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: We could also see states step up like we saw after the overturn of Roe v. Wade to enshrine new protections for people who are homeless. So a big question at the center of this case has been whether the Supreme Court is going to make it easier to criminalize homelessness.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: How does criminalizing affect things on the ground for the people who are trying to solve the homelessness problem? Criminalizing people experiencing homelessness absolutely makes it harder to get them into housing, ultimately.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: I got a warning ticket. They know I'm on a voucher. I'm waiting from HUD. I'm waiting for the apartments to be built for us to move into. And I'm still getting ticketed. They're going to throw me in jail. If I go to jail, I lose my housing.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: You know, there are just limits to how many people are willing to rent units to people with criminal records. And so this creates such a significant barrier. Roughly one in three U.S. adults has a criminal record.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Where do you think that they brought when they are released from jail They brought back to the street right back to where they started from The only thing that changed is they have another barrier to housing
--:-- Rachel Cohen: You've been covering solutions to the homelessness crisis from different angles, looking at ways cities are trying to combat homelessness. What are some of the more innovative strategies you find that communities are investing in?
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So some states are investing in building more housing and shelter, which is really important, but as we've talked about, it just takes time. And a lot of people are really impatient right now. They want immediate solutions.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Some of the faster things that communities are turning to are these things called tiny homes. It's pretty basic, but it gives folks a place to have their own space, a bed, a little desk, some storage.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Does that mean that cities are moving away from temporary emergency shelters? Not exactly, but there is greater recognition these days that many people who are sleeping outside in tents just do not want to go to these emergency shelters, which at least historically have been places without much privacy.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Get your stuff stolen, people try to fight you. Where you can't really bring many of your belongings, your pet, sometimes your partner. If we were to go to a shelter, we would not be able to sleep beside each other. Chances are we'd be separated or monitored or treated very differently because we are a couple.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Some of these shelters have also had rules like mandatory church attendance. A lot of people have had traumatic experiences staying in shelters. And so rather than go back to one, some people are saying, I'd rather just sleep outside.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: I'm not on parole probation. I'm a free man. I want to be treated like I'm free. You're living in shelters like you're living in jail. And like beyond shelters, like what about people moving, you know, off the streets into actual more permanent housing like apartments? Is that an option realistically from a cost perspective for cities?
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Yes, it's hard, but it is. So an approach to solving homelessness that has had bipartisan support for nearly three decades is called Housing First. And its general model is getting people into permanent housing and offering them support services.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: But the model has been coming under a lot of strain, a bit, our housing shortage, because you can't really do Housing First without enough housing. How did this idea of Housing First even start?
--:-- Rachel Cohen: It really reflected a shift from how homelessness policy in the U.S. had been handled for many, many years, which was this idea of housing readiness or this idea that before we give you housing, we want to make sure you have gone through job training programs, that you have stabilized all the other issues in your life.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: And then there basically began a new way of thinking about it. You know, Republicans and Democrats who came to understand that actually it's really hard to address other parts of your life that are not working well if you don't have stable housing to come home to.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: So, like, it used to be that housing was last. Right, exactly. And now housing's first, yeah. And this has been the policy of the federal government for almost three decades now.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: But sort of starting in the last two years of the Trump administration, conservative think tanks began ramping up their criticism of housing first. So grants pass is one of the most important homelessness cases to come to the Supreme Court in years. And it's, you know, it's really put a national spotlight on this issue.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: How have you seen it come up, if at all, in the presidential campaign this election year? President Biden has generally avoided talking about homelessness on the campaign trail.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: He is talking actually a lot more than he has in the past about building more housing and housing affordability issues. I want to provide an annual tax credit that will give Americans $400 a month for the next two years as mortgage rates come down to put toward their mortgages when they buy their first home or trade up for a little more space.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: But when it comes to people sleeping outside, tent encampments, you know, rising homelessness, he has not had much to say. And this is something that I know homeless advocates are really frustrated about. They want to hear the president speak more clearly.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Donald Trump, on the other hand, has really been leaning into homelessness. Our once great cities have become unlivable, unsanitary nightmares, surrendered to the homeless, the drug addicted and the violent and dangerously deranged.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: He released a video in April saying that if he were president, he would ban urban camping. Violators of these bans will be arrested, but they will be given the option to accept treatment. He would create sanctioned campsites for treatment and send homeless people to jail who refused to go.
--:-- Rachel Cohen: Now, to be clear, he does not actually have the authority to make all that happen, but he's campaigning on sending homeless people to jail right now. So I think to the extent that homelessness has been coming up, it's really been being leveraged by Trump as sort of this symbol of chaos and disorder and democratic failure.
--:-- Julia Longoria: This show was produced by Hady Mawajdeh, edited by Miranda Kennedy, fact checked by Amanda Lewellyn and Laura Bullard, engineered by Patrick Boyd and Andrea Kristinsdottir, and hosted by Julia Longoria.
--:-- Julia Longoria: I'm Julia Longoria. This is Today Explained. Thank you.
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