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--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Welcome to Today Explained. I'm Sean Rameswaram.
--:-- Noel King: And I'm Noel King.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Today, we're talking about some scary science. Brian Resnick and Sigal Samuel are here to explain it to us.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Let's start with the pig brains. Brian, can you tell us about that?
--:-- Brian Resnick: Yeah, so there's this new study out of Yale University where scientists took the brains of pigs that had been killed hours earlier, and they were able to restore some of the brain's selectivity. They used a machine called BrainX to do it.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's right. And what's BrainX?
--:-- Brian Resnick: It's a machine that basically brings the brains back to life. It contains a lot of different components, and what the scientists are doing is taking conditions that they would have in a petri dish and injecting that into a whole organ.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, so they're kind of like a heart and a lung machine, but with some frankensteiny elements.
--:-- Brian Resnick: [laughs] Yeah, that's a good way to put it.
--:-- Noel King: So, what did they find out about these pig brains?
--:-- Brian Resnick: Well, after 10 hours, the brains were still intact, and they were able to see signs of life in them. They were using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, taking up glucose... all the metabolic processes were happening.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: But, Brian, isn't the thing is that these brains are not really alive, are they?
--:-- Brian Resnick: That's right. They're not really alive in the way that we think of life. The cells are alive, but they're not talking to each other. There's no global electrical activity that suggests the brain has woken up.
--:-- Noel King: So, what's the point of this experiment?
--:-- Brian Resnick: Well, the researchers are hoping that this could help us understand how to deal with brain injuries, like strokes, or other diseases that starve the brain of oxygen.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, that's a good point. But, Brian, isn't there also a bigger question here about what it means to be alive?
--:-- Brian Resnick: Yeah, that's a great question. And it's one that the researchers are grappling with. They're not really sure what to expect from this partially reanimated brain material.
--:-- Noel King: And what about the ethics of this experiment? Did anyone raise any concerns?
--:-- Brian Resnick: Yeah, there were definitely some concerns raised. The researchers were monitoring the brain activity to make sure that they didn't accidentally provoke any consciousness in the brain.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, so they were prepared to stop the experiment if they detected any sign of consciousness.
--:-- Brian Resnick: That's right. They were prepared to stop the experiment if they detected any sign of organized electrical activity that suggested consciousness.
--:-- Noel King: Okay, moving on to the next story. Sigal, can you tell us about the monkey experiment in China?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: Yeah, so there's this experiment where Chinese scientists took human brain genes and inserted them into monkey embryos.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's right. And what happened to the monkeys?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: Well, they grew up, and the scientists were able to see some changes in their brains. The monkeys' brains developed over a longer period of time, and they did better on memory tasks.
--:-- Noel King: Okay, so the monkeys became more human-like?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: Yeah, that's right. Their intelligence became a little bit more human-like.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, but isn't this a big concern? I mean, we're talking about creating monkeys that are more human-like, and then what?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: Yeah, that's a big concern. The scientists are creating an organism that has no way to live a meaningful life in any environment.
--:-- Noel King: Okay, so what's the bigger picture here? Is this just a matter of scientific curiosity, or is there something more at play?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: I think it's a bit of both. The scientists are trying to understand how humans became humans, but they're also pushing the boundaries of what's possible.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, so what's the takeaway from all of this?
--:-- Sigal Samuel: I think the takeaway is that we need to be careful about what we're doing in the name of scientific progress. We need to think about the ethics of these experiments and make sure that we're not creating organisms that are more human-like than we can handle.
--:-- Noel King: Okay, thanks, Sigal.
--:-- Sigal Samuel: Thanks for having me.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And thanks to Brian for joining us earlier.
--:-- Brian Resnick: Thanks for having me.
--:-- Noel King: That's all for today. Thanks for listening to Today Explained.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And if you want to learn more about the pig brains and the monkey experiment, check out our show notes for links to the original research.
--:-- Noel King: And if you want to support this podcast, you can subscribe to our newsletter or make a donation to Vox Media.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Thanks for listening.
--:-- Noel King: Thanks for listening.
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--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Today Explained is a production of Vox Media. I'm Sean Rameswaram.
--:-- Noel King: And I'm Noel King.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: If you want to hear more episodes like this one, subscribe to Today Explained on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.
--:-- Noel King: And if you want to support this podcast, you can subscribe to our newsletter or make a donation to Vox Media.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Thanks for listening.
--:-- Noel King: Thanks for listening.
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