--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Tanks, rockets, missiles, and the death of Hassan Nasrallah. Israel is asserting itself as the most powerful player in the Middle East.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Israel has sent tanks to its border with Lebanon. Iran has started to attack Israel, according to the IDF. Biden is sending thousands of additional troops to the region. So we asked Stephen Kalin from the Wall Street Journal if this is officially the war that we've been trying to avoid.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Yeah, we're definitely in the war that we've spent a year trying to avoid and hoping that wouldn't come. Fears are growing of a wider conflict in the Middle East.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Hezbollah says it's fired 150 rockets into northern Israel and the occupied Golan Heights. In a display of power and military might, the Israelis unleashed a massive aerial bombardment. Hassan Nasrallah has been killed in an Israeli attack. Iran has just launched a retaliatory missile attack targeting Israel.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: The escalating escalation on Today Explained. Support for Today Explained comes from the FIFA World Cup of all things. The FIFA World Cup 26 is coming to North America next summer. It is the ultimate celebration of sports and culture.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You can get closer to the beautiful game with a hospitality package. Closer to the action. The best seats. The best suites. Closer to match day and that world-class food and that world-class entertainment. Closer to the experience of a lifetime. Book a hospitality package at fifaworldcup.com slash hospitality.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: AI agents are getting pretty impressive. You might not even realize you're listening to one right now. We work 24-7 to resolve customer inquiries. No hold music, no canned answers, no frustration. Visit sierra.ai to learn more.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You're listening to Today Explained. Stephen Kalin, you're in Beirut. You're visiting the very places Israel is striking. I'm sure this feels to you and to everyone you talk to like a war. But what is Israel saying? They haven't formally declared a war, have they?
--:-- Stephen Kalin: They haven't. Their military spokesman has come out and talked about sort of limited, he uses the word limited incursions, limited raids across the border.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The Israel Defense Forces is conducting limited and targeted raids along Israel's northern border against the threat Hezbollah poses to civilians in northern Israel. These localized ground raids will target Hezbollah strongholds that threaten Israeli towns, kibbutzim and communities along our border.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: They're trying to be quite careful about messaging that they don't plan to go deep into Lebanese territory, at least right now, and they want to keep this limited in scope. They're saying that they're going after Hezbollah infrastructure in southern parts of Lebanon, which has been used to target northern Israel, where tens of thousands of Israelis have been evacuated from their homes for nearly an entire year.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It's now one of the war goals of the Israeli government to move those people back to their homes. We will not let 7th of October happen again on any one of our borders. We will continue doing whatever necessary so that Israeli families can return to their homes in safety and security.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Israel wants to make sure that, you know, people living in the north of the country are safe from rocket fire. And to do that, they have to clear out southern Lebanon of Hezbollah forces. Is that possible long term? Do they have a realistic objective here?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It is a very difficult goal. There is a UN Security Council Resolution 1701, which basically says that the Lebanon southern border needs to be secured by the Lebanese army. That's really not been implemented because Lebanon state institutions are very weak. Its army is one of the strongest ones, but it's not strong enough to impose that on Hezbollah, which operates in that area.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: So it is conceivable that Israel could destroy Hezbollah infrastructure, push them back from the border far enough while Israeli troops are present in southern Lebanon. But once the Israeli troops leave, it's hard to see what stops Hezbollah from just going back and rebuilding and reestablishing themselves. Could it look like a permanent occupation? That's possible.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Israel has said that it doesn't want to do that. And the U.S. is certainly against that, but there is precedent for it. Israel is escalating upon escalation here in the past few weeks. And obviously playing with fire here with Iran closely watching, backing Hezbollah.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Does Israel want this to turn into a broader regional war with multiple parties involved? Well, I mean, what they say publicly is that, no, they don't want a broad regional war. We have no interest in expanding the war. We have no interest in looking for additional fronts.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It's something that the Americans are also very keen to avoid. They have been supporting Israel in their campaign in Gaza and now in Lebanon with weapons and other support. But the Americans have also sent more troops to the region in an effort to deter Iran from getting involved.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: I think the Israelis want to address what they see as a very intense threat to especially residents of the north, but the entire country really, from Hezbollah. and they see this as an opportunity. They've been at war for a year in Gaza and they want to eliminate the other threats that they see around them.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The challenge is that they're fighting a war for a year in Gaza. They've got issues in the West Bank, security issues that they're trying to address. They've now got this escalated front in Lebanon. They're also getting drone fire from Iraq and Syria sometimes. They've got missiles coming at them from the Houthis in Yemen. And then, of course, there's Iran itself, which supports a lot of these groups that are attacking Israel and sent a few hundred missiles over to Israel back in April, which really didn't do that much damage.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: But there is that sort of looming threat of a more direct confrontation with Iran. I have a message for the tyrants of Tehran. If you strike us, we will strike you. There is no place there is no place in Iran that the long arm of Israel cannot reach And that's true of the entire Middle East.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Has Iran said anything since this limited incursion, ground invasion, war began, whatever you want to call it?
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Yeah, so the latest we've heard from the Iranians was on Monday, actually, before the invasion, the ground operation began. I think a foreign ministry spokesman, he was asked whether Iran would send volunteers or forces to Lebanon to help Hezbollah confront Israel. And he said they basically received no requests and they know that Hezbollah doesn't need the help right now.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Hezbollah doesn't need the help right now. Their leader was just killed. Exactly. We'll talk about that. But the U.S. Defense Secretary yesterday spoke with his Israeli counterpart. And the summary of that meeting from the Pentagon included a message basically indicating that it was sort of a warning to Iran that the U.S. was ready and willing to address any Iranian involvement, direct Iranian involvement, and try to head off Iran from getting involved.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: And so the White House is talking about an imminent ballistic missile attack from Iran against Israel. Iran has just launched a retaliatory missile attack targeting Israel. A U.S. senior administration official telling ABC News now that Iran is expected to fire 240 to 250 missiles at four targets in Israel.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It's exactly the sort of thing that the U.S. has been preparing for, and the U.S. has said that it would come to Israel's aid in that case. What is a leaderless Hezbollah, for all intents and purposes, doing right now? How are they reacting?
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Yeah, I think it's been a very challenging couple of weeks for Hezbollah. They were taken totally by surprise when this sort of pager walkie-talkie attack happened in the middle of September. A lot of their members were directly impacted, thousands of them. And also their communications network was clearly infiltrated at that point.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Then there have been a series of airstrikes targeting very senior leaders. Basically, an entire echelon of senior military leaders has been killed in the past few weeks. And the latest of that was the Secretary General Hassan Astrola himself. And so the organization is unable to meet each other safely, unable to speak safely over telecommunications.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: I mean, their operational strength has definitely been weakened significantly in the past few weeks. The question is, are they too impaired to hold off an Israeli offensive, or are they basically planning to launch an insurgency and make it very difficult for the Israeli troops that enter South Lebanon?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And that's really what we're waiting to see in the coming days. We are ready for any scenario. If Israel decides to launch a ground invasion, our forces, the forces of the resistance will be ready on the ground. We will choose a secretary general of the party shortly, and in accordance with the structures of the organization, designate a new chief to the post of leader.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: After taking a lot of L's, it feels like Benjamin Netanyahu has had a lot of wins. Is Nasrallah the biggest of them all?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Yeah, I think he just might be. Netanyahu has made it a goal from the beginning of the conflict in Gaza to eliminate Hamas' leaders. And Israel has done some of that. They've gotten to some of the leaders, but Yahya Senwar still seems to be out there. And that is a target that has eluded the Israelis and frustrated them.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: To be able to get Nasrallah is quite significant symbolically, but it is also going to have a very clear operational impact on Hezbollah there. They were already in disarray after these pager attacks that nobody expected. And then many senior leaders, senior military leaders were eliminated. and then to top it off with getting Nasrallah really just, I think, has left the organization in a state of shock.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's precisely when Israel chose to send forces into southern Lebanon. Stephen Kalin is a foreign correspondent at the Wall Street Journal, the dead head of Hezbollah, when we return on Today Explained.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for Today Explained comes from Built Rewards. These days, it seems like everybody has a rewards program. You swipe your card and you get one cent on the hundred dollars. But with your rent, frequently, you just pay month after month. You never get anything from it other than that roof over your head. Not anymore, says Built Rewards.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Built Rewards says it lets you earn points on your rent. By paying rent through Bilt, they say you can earn flexible points that can be redeemed toward hundreds of hotels and airlines, perhaps a future rent payment, your next Lyft ride, and so much more.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Your home isn't just where you sleep. It's your community. And Bilt wants you to go out and do things in the community. You can eat at your favorite local restaurants, then earn more points. You can get VIP treatment at certain fitness studios. You can enjoy exclusive experiences just for Bilt members every month.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: When you're ready to travel, they say Bilt points can be converted to miles or hotel points all around the world. You can earn points on rent and around your neighborhood wherever you call home by joining Bilt.com slash Explained.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's J-O-I-N-B-I-L-T dot com slash Explained. Avoiding your unfinished home projects because you're not sure where to start? Thumbtack knows homes, so you don't have to.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Don't know the difference between matte paint finish and satin? Or what that clunking sound from your dryer is? With Thumbtack, you don't have to be a home pro. You just have to hire one.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You can hire top-rated pros, see price estimates, and read reviews all on the app. Download today.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for the show today comes from LifeKit the podcast from NPR What in your LifeKit I asking They didn ask that Every day you have to make choices that might shape the direction of your life but you can flip to the back of the book to find an answer key Instead, you can listen to the Life Kit podcast from NPR.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: Life Kit offers real stories about common issues like relationships, finances, parenting, and your career. If you're looking to move with more intention or just need thoughtful guidance on living better, Life Kit delivers strategies to help you make meaningful, sustainable change.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: From fitness routines to mental resilience, navigating personal goals to tackling burnout, each episode is full of relevant insights and clear takeaways about things we all could use a little help with.
--:-- Stephen Kalin: LifeKit wants to help you approach your own life with confidence and clarity and walk away with a game plan you can implement right away.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Enough from me. Go listen to the show, LifeKit. It's a podcast from NPR.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Today Explained is back. Stephen Kalin from The Wall Street Journal is gone, but Jared Malson from The Wall Street Journal is here because he co-wrote a little bio of Hassan Nasrallah over the weekend. It was called, Hassan Nasrallah's Death Deprives Hezbollah of Its Beating Heart.
--:-- Jared Malson: Hassan Nasrallah, the Secretary General of Hezbollah, was one of the most important figures in the Middle East. He became the leader of Hezbollah in 1992 and since then has led this transformation of Hezbollah from a militia group into a powerful political organization that has elected MPs to the Lebanese parliament, that has members of the cabinet, and is also the most important arm of Iranian influence in the region.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: On the one side, he was a charismatic leader who was seen as one of the few leaders in the Middle East who stood up to Israel militarily. On the other side, he was labeled a terrorist by the United States and Israel.
--:-- Jared Malson: So there's going to be a lot of people celebrating his death and a lot of people mourning him. Can you tell us how he got to be that towering figure? Where does his story begin?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: His story begins in the early 1980s with the formation of Hezbollah. So in the 1980s, Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982. Israeli tanks roll into southern Lebanon. Israel's invasion was the biggest development in the area since the 73 war. Hezbollah, meaning party of God in Arabic, emerged from the country's huge and impoverished Shiite Muslim population.
--:-- Jared Malson: And at that time, this was a small group that was operating in cells and didn't even announce its presence publicly for a few years. In 1978 and 79, you have the Iranian revolution where there was an uprising against the Shah of Iran that was just an earthquake that shook the region.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The end of Iran's monarchy came early today when Khomeini's followers took control of the palace of the Shah. The imperial guards there gave up without a struggle. As they paraded through the streets of Tehran, though liberated weapons held high, there was an Arab celebration.
--:-- Jared Malson: Nasrallah, he studied in Iran and rubbed shoulders with a lot of, you know, people who were involved in that. And there was kind of this awakening of if ordinary people protesting in Iran could overthrow the Shah of Iran, it was this idea of like, well, we can do anything.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And he returned to Lebanon where, you know, he went into this kind of guerrilla movement. The other thing to explain why was Nasrrola so important is that he was a charismatic public speaker where every time he got on TV, it was an event.
--:-- Jared Malson: And I have seen this over the course of more than a decade of reporting in the Middle East that when he would get on TV here in Lebanon, Palestinians, even in places like Egypt and Jordan, People listened to what he said. Openly calling for terrorism against Israel, Nasrullah in this speech is urging suicide operations.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: In Palestine, he's saying, these operations are the only way to root out the Zionists. He was very charismatic. You know, he would give these speeches where he's like sitting at a desk, speaking to either a room full of people or an auditorium, and like everyone kind of hanging on his every word.
--:-- Jared Malson: And he liked to crack jokes. During the Bush administration, he's talking about John Bolton. He says, oh, this is the American ambassador, Bolton, or whatever his name is. He's a very funny-looking guy with his mustache and so on, and then there's uproarious laughter.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You know, in addition to being, you know, the leader of the world's most heavily armed militia and one of the most powerful political parties in Lebanon, he was also, he had this ability to directly connect with the public that kind of broadened his appeal.
--:-- Jared Malson: Can you tell us what, like, about some of his biggest wins in his time in power?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: There's one main win, and it's the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000, which was the culmination of this 18 years of insurgency that Hezbollah had been fighting against the Israelis. They launched these attacks on Israeli forces, there was an insurgency, and then the Israelis withdrew without a peace treaty.
--:-- Jared Malson: Guerrillas who fought the Israelis and their allies for nearly two decades are celebrating their departure. No one else in the region was able to do that. Military outposts were dismantled to prevent them falling into the hands of Hezbollah guerrillas.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: I mean, Israel has a qualitative military edge over every other country around it. They have nuclear weapons they have fighter jets And here is a group of guerrillas who with the help of Iran but fighting with small arms and so on was able to achieve that
--:-- Jared Malson: And that inspired a lot of people. The other one is 2006, when Hezbollah captured some Israeli soldiers in a raid across the border and took them back into Lebanon. A cross-border ambush of an IDF force on July 12, 2006, and the abduction of the bodies of two Israeli soldiers quickly led to a full-on conflict, which lasted 34 days.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It bordered on military disaster for the Israelis because they went into Lebanon. And Israeli military officials will tell you this, that they were unprepared at that time for what they found, which is that you had a group that they're fighting for their own country, They know the terrain.
--:-- Jared Malson: Hezbollah guerrillas, hiding in the surrounding hills and villages, fired their anti-tank missiles at the Israeli tanks advancing below. And they had anti-tank missiles that they were able to use to pierce the armor of more than 20 tanks.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: After 33 days of war, Israel had failed to achieve its goals of destroying Hezbollah and winning back two of its soldiers captured at the very beginning of the latest fighting.
--:-- Jared Malson: Okay, so Nasrallah had some huge historic wins. He's going to be missed not only in Hezbollah, but across the Arab world. But also, you know, people are celebrating his death across the Arab world. Why are people celebrating his death?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Right, this is really important. I mean, you saw over the weekend, for example, like people celebrating in rebel-held Syria. In militia held parts of northern Syria, the death of Hezbollah's leader, a moment of mutual joy.
--:-- Jared Malson: The man they blame for scores of civilian deaths by bolstering the Syrian regime, now gone. Nasrallah decided to send his troops into Syria to fight with the regime because they made a decision to say, look like we're going to side with these states that are backing us, even if it means siding with a brutal regime that was repressing its own people.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It was a turning point where instead of fighting as a guerrilla force against an invading army, they were acting as an invading army, fighting against the Syrian rebels. And so that's why across the region, And it's just incredibly polarized.
--:-- Jared Malson: There's going to be a lot of people celebrating his death and saying, you know, good riddance. Even here in Lebanon, for example, you know, if you talk to people here, there are people who absolutely loved him. There are people who absolutely hated him. And I think there are a lot of people who feel genuinely mixed about it.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Is there another Nasrallah waiting in the wings? Do we know what comes next for Hezbollah?
--:-- Jared Malson: So we don't know yet. they have not named a successor yet. But there have been a whole series of senior Hezbollah leaders who have been killed in the last few months. So really, you know, we're talking about close to a generation of senior leaders, you know, the kind of founding members of the group that have already been killed.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You know, we had a guest on the show last week, Jared, who said, you know, it's important to remember destroying their adversaries capabilities in the immediate future. That doesn't leave you safe in the longer term because, you know, dead men have sons who come back more angry.
--:-- Jared Malson: I'm wondering if this is only creating more enemies or if this does meaningfully wipe out an enemy for Israel. No, there's no wiping out Hezbollah. You know, we've seen this with the war in Gaza, for example, with Hamas, which is a much smaller, much less well-armed, less well-trained group, has been able to outlast a massive Israeli military operation in a tiny place, which is the Gaza Strip, which is about the size of the city of Philadelphia.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And Hezbollah is a larger group that is much more heavily armed, that has many more advantages in terms of geography, in terms of its ability to rearm itself, and that has a history of regenerating over the years. So over the long term, Hezbollah isn't going to go anywhere, even if it is significantly weakened.
--:-- Jared Malson: Jared Malson, WSJ.com.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: I'm Sean Rameswaram from our program today was produced by Peter Balonon-Rosen and Amanda Lewellyn with help from Miles Bryan. We were edited by Miranda Kennedy, fact-checked by Laura Bullard, and mixed by Andrea Kristinsdottir and Rob Byers.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Sorry we didn't have better news for you on your 100th birthday, Jimmy. We'll have the vice presidential debate tomorrow on Today Explained. Thank you.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for the show comes from Cigna. Cigna helps your members get the care they need, when they need it. And that helps your business control your costs, because healthier members are better for business.
--:-- Jared Malson: Go to cmk.co slash access to learn more about helping your members stay adherent.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's cmk.co slash ACCESS.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for the show comes from Mercury. What if banking did more? because to you, it's more than an invoice. It's your hard work becoming revenue. It's more than a wire. It's payroll for your team. It's more than a deposit. It's landing your fundraise.
--:-- Jared Malson: The truth is, banking can do more. Mercury brings all the ways you use money into a single product that feels extraordinary to use.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Visit mercury.com to join over 200,000 entrepreneurs who use Mercury to do more for their business.
--:-- Jared Malson: Mercury, banking that does more.
