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--:-- Noelle King: Prime Minister Narendra Modi presided over a spectacle in northern India yesterday. He opened a massive Hindu temple on the site of what used to be a mosque. It's controversial because it replaces a 16th century mosque that once stood there. And it is one of India's most controversial religious sites.
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--:-- Noelle King: What happened was that in 1992, Hindu mobs tore down what was called the Babri Mosque, claiming that it was built by Muslim invaders on the ruins of a temple. Now, this incident sparked off nationwide religious rioting, which took nearly 2,000 lives.
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--:-- Noelle King: How a centuries-long fight over sacred land was settled and how it wasn't, it's coming up on Today Explained. Support for Today Explained comes from Saks Fifth Avenue. Fall is here. Might be time to find some nice new pieces you can wear again and again.
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--:-- Noelle King: This is Today Explained. Shatik Biswas covers India for the BBC, and he's been spending time in the northern Indian city where Narendra Modi opened this enormous Hindu temple yesterday.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: This was a big win for India's Hindus. It was also a big win for Hindu nationalism. And because this land is contested, the event meant something very different for India's Muslims. It was also Modi's way of unofficially kicking off his campaign.
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--:-- Noelle King: He's running to be re-elected as India's prime minister. A sea of saffron, the colour sacred in the Hindu religion, has taken over the town of Ayodhya.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: This happened in a city called Ayodhya, which used to be a very sleepy pilgrim town. But it's been completely transformed and today some 8,000 people kind of turned up, were invited, including India's top business leaders, movie actors, sports people.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: All have started arriving in Ayodhya. There you can see film actor Kangana Ranaut. She's arrived there in Ayodhya. There were apparently dignitaries from over 50 countries there as well.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Cricketing legend Anil Kumble also arriving there in Ayodhya. The thing was televised live. It showed the prime minister performing religious rituals inside the temple.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: There was a completely festive atmosphere. Tens of thousands of Hindu devotees waved flags, beat drums. There were military helicopters on top, you know, which is showering kind of flower petals on the temple.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: It is a huge one. It stretches across more than seven acres in a 70-acre complex. It's an imposing three-story structure. It costs over $200 million to make.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: It's fully kind of made in pink sandstone. It's built on black granite. It boasts these towering pillars. And it rests upon about 70,000 square feet of pristine white marble.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: And inside the temple, there's a 51-inch idol of Lord Ram placed on a marble pedestal. Now, Mr. Modi today actually opened only the ground floor.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: When the temple will be completed, it is expected to greet a staggering 150,000 visitors a day. Wow. Which is roughly seven times the current rate.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Now what happened today quintessentially was a ceremony called pran pratishtha in the hindi language which loosely translates into establishment of life force.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Now this ceremony lasted for an hour and the hindus believe that chanting mantras and performing rituals around a fire will infuse kind of sacred life in an idol or a photograph of a deity.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: And some even proclaim the moment of inauguration of the temple as the start of what they call Ramrajya or the rule of Lord Ram in India.
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--:-- Noelle King: Our dream has finally become a reality. It's like God himself has appeared before us. So as I said, it was a massive, massive spectacle of the kind India hasn't seen in a while.
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--:-- Noelle King: Okay, so this will be an enormous attraction. I wonder what this means for the people who were living in the city of Ayodhya. How did they react to this huge development, number one, and what it's going to mean for them?
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Yeah, I mean, you know, Ayodhya has been a traditionally overwhelmingly Hindu pilgrim city. It's a city inspired by faith and tradition.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: The entire city has undergone a makeover around the temple because they want to make it a spiritual and global hub of spirituality and Hindu religion.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Our government of Uttar Pradesh is highly focused on doing things for devotees. They know that the pilgrims will be from all over the country and abroad.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Yes, sir. So we have to provide facilities. Outside the temple to people to stay. About 3,000 houses and shops were partially or fully demolished to widen the corridors leading up to the temple.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: So there's a certain amount of excitement among the people saying all this will boost tourism and also it will boost incomes for them because so far it's been a very fragile pilgrim-dependent economy.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Now, chains like Radisson building hotels, the luxury hotels coming up, etc.
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--:-- Noelle King: Ahead of the consecration ceremony Prime Minister Narendra Modi will also be inaugurating the newly built international airport. This will actually serve as a major gateway to the entire city.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: But on the other side there are also rumblings of discontent because you know all those people whose homes have been demolished and shops have been demolished, they are slightly anxious.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: They feel disturbed. They're not very happy with the compensation that they've received from the government.
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--:-- Noelle King: Speaking to Muslims here in the town of Ayodhya, they've told us that they're hiding out and and they've told us they're actually worried about what will happen in the coming days, in the coming weeks, when Mr. Modi and his 12,000 security forces leave.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: They fear that it will be dangerous for them in the weeks and years to come and that they feel erased by this temple opening.
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--:-- Noelle King: What did Narendra Modi say as he consecrated the temple? And is there any tension between this being a religious site and the prime minister using it to kick off an election campaign?
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: Mr. Modi said that he had a lump in his throat when he went inside the temple Sanctum Sanctorum and he congratulated the country on this occasion.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: He actually said 22nd January is, I quote, not a date on a calendar but a dawn of a new era, close quote.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: And he also said that people who do not understand the purity of India's social consciousness, is they should understand the construction of this temple, in quotes, is a symbol of the Indian society's peace, patience, and mutual harmony.
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--:-- Shatik Biswas: That this temple has not given birth to a fire, but to a certain amount of energy. This is what essentially he said today after inaugurating the temple.
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--:-- Noelle King: I mean, it's quite clear that this is this informal start to his election campaign. The elections are in a few months time.
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--:-- Noelle King: And a lot of critics have said that this party is mixing religion and politics. And it has been on the election manifesto since 1996.
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--:-- Noelle King: As I said, this has been brewing for a very long time. This dispute has been really brewing actively since 1990 when the Hindu nationals began an agitation.
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--:-- Noelle King: Two years later, the mosque came down. So he kind of completed it on the back of a very important Supreme Court judgment.
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--:-- Noelle King: This whole ownership dispute between the Hindus and Muslims over this mosque ended only in 2019 when the Supreme Court granted the site to Hindus.
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--:-- Noelle King: Despite explicitly stating that the demolition of the mosque was, in quotes, a grecious violation of the rule of law.
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--:-- Noelle King: Having said that, the court also gave Muslims another plot of land in Ayodh, but this is the bigger plot, and this is the bigger shrine, in a sense.
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--:-- Noelle King: That was the BBC's Shatik Biswas. Coming up, how a Hindu god and a Muslim mosque ended up in India's Supreme Court.
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--:-- Noelle King: It's Today Explained. I'm Noelle King.
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--:-- Noelle King: The opening of the Ram Temple yesterday was a very high-profile affair. India's stock market closed for the day.
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--:-- Noelle King: Movie theaters screened the whole thing live. And a lot of people wondered, because of this land's bloody history, would there also be big protests as the day unfolded?
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--:-- Noelle King: In fact, there were not. I asked Hartosh Singh Bal, the executive editor of The Caravan, a long-form culture and politics magazine, why not.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Well, I think you have to place in context the history of the last eight to 10 years of the Modi government because the people who were to contest it who have been affronted and humiliated by what has happened are in no position to actually come out on the streets and protest.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: The entire establishment of the state is reigned against them. They are today politically second-class citizens.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: They have no control over power. Mr Modi has proven that you can make Muslims invisible from Indian politics and still get 306 loks of our seats on the basis of the majority community owed.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Previous protests have been, they've faced clampdowns, they've faced lynchings, they've had their homes bulldozed. It doesn't leave you much space to actually protest.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: This week, a Muslim man was once again murdered while transporting cattle in the southwest of the country.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: 1,000 miles away, another huge crowd in another Muslim area. As the police stood by, they screamed insults that had two wishes to broadcast.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: It probably is more indicative of the kind of democracy we've become, where really what should have been taken for granted is no longer possible for a huge number of citizens.
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--:-- Noelle King: Let's go way back in history. Can you tell me about the origin of the dispute over this land? Where does this start?
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: It's very difficult to separate myth from history in India. In this context, Ayodhya, the city where this temple has been built, is considered the birthplace of Ram.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Ram is the eponymous hero of the great Indian epic, the Rama, and it is named after him in some senses. It's the story of Ram.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: In the deities of Hinduism, maybe among the foremost, he's seen as a reincarnation of Vishnu, probably the most important or one of the two most important reincarnations.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And the idea of a birthplace implies a certain historicity of which we have no proof at all.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: We have no idea whether there was ever any historical figure called Ram. But so there is faith associated with this place in Ayodhya.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: In the 16th century or 1500 something, the Mughal emperor Babur built a mosque in Ayodhya. And the claim is that this was built over an existing temple.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: No proof has ever been found that a temple was demolished to construct this mosque. Through the 20th century, there have been contestations over the site to claim it back.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: In 1949, the idol of Ram is supposed to have manifested itself at the mosque site Of course, we now know the full history of this That it was deliberately placed there
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: How members of a Hindu right-wing organization clambered over the walls Took the idol, placed it there The local administration did not take the action it should and this was the first supposed proof that this was in any way connected to a Hindu monument.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And this dispute lay sort of in a stasis after the placing of the AOD for maybe good 40 years before in the late 80s.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: The Bharatiya Janata Party, which is ruling the country now, took it up as a cause and started what is called the Ram Jan Bhoomi Movement to reclaim the land where Ram was born.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: A looter destroyed our temple 462 years ago. That's a stain on our honor. If the Babri Mosque remains, this stain will remind us of our slavery. We won't rest until we've destroyed this symbol of slavery with blood or with bullets.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: In 1992, a gathering organized by Hindu right-wing organizations, most prominently the RSS, which is the parent organization of the Bharatiya Janata Party, which is ruling today.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister himself, started his public life in the RSS for a decade before he joined the BJP. He was deputed to join the BJP by the RSS, organized by them, where the mosque was illegally demolished after commitments had been given to the central government that no such thing would happen.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: There has been a betrayal of every commitment by the leaders of the Hindu right, which led to the demolition of a mob by this collection of right-wing nationalists who had spades, who had instruments, who clambered up the monument, brought it down.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And ever since then, there has been a legal dispute at the site. And then in 2019, this dispute goes before the Supreme Court?
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: There were litigants basically from both people who were Muslims and there were the Hindu right. And they were asking for possession over the land.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: The Muslim argument was basically that this has always been a mosque. The right to continue to worship and to rebuild the mosque and claim the land on which the mosque was built because this was what is called vaqf land, land belonging to the Muslims, is rightfully theirs.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Everyone is carrying the grief of the mosque being demolished Each and every one of us is saddened by it If you take someone's home, they would be upset, wouldn't they?
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And the argument made on behalf of the Hindu nationalist organizations was that this is a matter of faith This is what the land should belong to They cited both history and faith
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: The legal dispute consisted of two portions One was the criminal trial of whether there were people guilty of doing an illegal act and the second was actually who owns the site.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And finally, when the verdict was pronounced, as far as the criminality of the act, the courts have ruled that it was a criminal act.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: The second part, which was finally settled in 2019 by India's Supreme Court, basically held that while there is no proof that this is actually the birthplace of Ram, While there is no proof that this is where a temple stood before the mosque was constructed, since the vast majority of Hindus have such great faith in the idea that this is the birthplace of Ram, this should be handed over to the Hindus and temple should be constructed there.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Which in some ways is a pretty startling conclusion If enough people believe something then that must be done It seems to be the judicial basis of what has been done
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--:-- Noelle King: Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed the verdict and says it brings a new dawn for India. Every class, every community, people of every sect, the whole country has accepted the verdict with open hearts.
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--:-- Noelle King: It reflects on the ancient culture, traditions, and sense of harmony in India. This ruling is handed down in 2019. How did Muslims in India react to this decision?
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Negatively, badly, I think the real trauma was at the time of the demolition of the mosque itself. There was religious violence at that time, clashes between Muslims and Hindus, killings of hundreds of people across the country.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: That violence and that targeting of Muslims in some ways is what propelled the BJP to national prominence and I would say to power.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And in some senses, Narendra Modi's own political persona was created in the aftermath of the violence as this great champion of Hindus.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Prime Minister Modi himself has been accused of sanctioning the massacre of more than 2,000 Muslims in the state of Gujarat in 2002 when he was chief minister there.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: But no case against Modi has been successful so far. He strongly denies any wrongdoing, though he once said he regretted Muslim suffering as he would a puppy being run over by a car.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: So the connection from the demolition of the Babri Masjid to the rise of the Hindu right to the building up of Narendra Modi culminates in his election as Prime Minister in 2014.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: I think his election itself was a huge setback. So this has already preceded what has happened today.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: It does not leave the Muslims in any state to come out in public. In fact, quite the contrary, across the Hindi belt, which is where the BJP draws power, where the Muslims are located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, where Ayodhya is, instructions have been given within the community by religious leaders, political leaders.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Stay in your homes, do not come out, do not aggravate the situation, do not give the government or the Hindu right an excuse for violence today.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Because if there is violence, the Hindu right again gains from that. There are elections due in India in another two, three months. The temple is also, apart from this long history that I've drawn from you, directly linked to the politics of that election.
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--:-- Noelle King: India, by its constitution, is a secular country, correct? There's a separation, ostensibly, of religion and politics, church and state.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Everything you've just said suggests that's not actually the case in India anymore.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Is there anything that brings this situation back from the brink? And if Narendra Modi is elected in a few months, is there a way back from the brink here?
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: I am very pessimistic. By origin, I am not a believer in any real sense. From the Sikh faith, the Sikhs are a population concentrated in one state, the northern state of Punjab.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Hindu nationalists see the Sikhs as a light to them. For them, faiths which have drawn their origins in India, faiths like Buddhism and Sikhism are part of the Hindu fold.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Their real problem is with the alien intrusion of Islam and Christianity. Despite this belief of the Hindu right, there is no taker among the Sikhs for the Hindu right as well.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: What it means is that every minority today lies outside this majoritarian consensus that has been built by Narendra Modi.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: Apart from that, there are people like me, a huge number who have faith or had faith in the idea of India because of its constitutional provisions, because of the values that hold this republic together.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: We were a republic which had actually agreed to come together on the basis of a constitution with a certain set of shared values of religious tolerance.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: It is the most diverse place on earth today. There are 30 different languages. There are people of various ethnicities. Every religion is represented here.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: It is the last sort of place where the sort of virus of nationalism that sprung up in the 19th century in Europe has come and taken root.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And so we have a particular sort of nationalistic formation trying to impose the unity of blood, soil, which may have worked for a tiny nation state.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: And from the Indian perspective, something like Netherlands are tiny little pockets that are smaller than most provinces of India. To apply that idea to something as large as India, so diverse, is, I think, in the long term a potential for disaster.
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--:-- Hartosh Singh Bal: But is it going to roll back democratically with the kind of support Narendra Modi has? No, it doesn't seem that is possible today.
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--:-- Noelle King: That was Hartosh Singh Bal of The Caravan.
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--:-- Noelle King: Today's show was produced by Amanda Llewellyn and edited by Amin El-Sadi.
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--:-- Noelle King: It was fact-checked by Laura Bullard. Rob Byers is our engineer.
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--:-- Noelle King: We also relied on some reporting from the BBC's Yokita Lamai, and we thank her.
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--:-- Noelle King: Before we go, remember when Defense Secretary General Lloyd Austin vanished for a while, and it turned out that he'd been treated for prostate cancer and he didn't really want anyone to know.
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--:-- Noelle King: That incident got us thinking about why so many men are so uncomfortable talking about their prostate stuff.
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--:-- Noelle King: We're going to do a show on it, and we would like to know if you have a story you want to tell about getting screened, about getting bad news or good news, or even about just getting shy regarding your prostate.
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--:-- Noelle King: We may use it on the air. Give us a call at 844-453-4448.
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--:-- Noelle King: That is 844-453-4448.
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--:-- Noelle King: And thank you. I'm Noelle King. It's Today Explained. Thank you.
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