--:-- [Sound of a podcast intro fades out]
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It was in 2014 when Karthik Talikar first heard the sound, this low-pitched whine. He was living in this neighborhood in Arizona, in Chandler, Arizona.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He'd moved there with his family and used to decompress after work by taking long walks around the neighborhood at night. And it was on one of these nights that he first noticed this low, steady whine somewhere in the distance.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It sounded like a constant whine, like... And at first he brushed it off. He thought, you know, maybe someone's a pool pump. But then on a later night, he heard it again. And again. And again. And night after night after night.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He was noticing it as he was going outside to garden or grill that it was in his backyard. hard. And then worse yet, he was trying to go to sleep one night when he noticed that there was that noise inside his house. It was in his bedroom and it was keeping him up at night.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I had a hard time falling asleep. And then after falling asleep around 3 a.m. or 4 a.m. it would get very loud and I would wake up. It sounded, as he described it later, like these tons of mosquitoes buzzing in your ear, only they wouldn't stop.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He tried to move bedrooms. He started sleeping with earplugs. When that didn't help, he tied a towel around his head. And night after night, he would try and fall asleep with his earplugs in and his head bandaged, and the sound just wouldn't stop.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It was like constant. It was very irritating, and it was very upsetting. Karthik didn't know at this point where the noise was coming from, And so he set out to figure out what was causing it.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And he would go out at night on what he called these noise patrols. First he set out by foot, but when that didn't really work, he started to widen his circumference. And I started expanding the perimeter, driving in my car, biking in the bike to figure out where the noise was coming from.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: After eight weeks or so, Karthik finally traced the noise back to what he thought was the source It was this gray, windowless building with all the charm of a shoebox And it belonged, he discovered, to a company called Cyrus One Cyrus One was a data center Basically a columbarium for thousands of servers
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: These servers that were hosting data to make it accessible for processing or access from just about anywhere in the world. As Karthik discovered, the noise was being unfortunately not caused by something temporary. This wasn't just the noise of construction.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: But the noise was the steady hum of chillers. These big, essentially air conditioning units that had been installed on the buildings and were there in order to keep the servers cool. Servers, sort of like people, are most comfortable at around 60 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And so these chillers ensured that these heat-generating servers would stay cool enough as they worked. We hear a lot about storing our data in the cloud. It's such a lovely, elegant euphemism. This idea of our data sort of existing in the ether.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: But in fact, it exists in places like Cyrus One. In some ways, the sound of Cyrus One's data center, this low, off in the desert, that's the sound of us living, of us clicking, of us searching for the lyrics, online shopping, poking people on Facebook, liking Instagram posts.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: That's our noise, too. So Karthik began to try and take action to silence this noise. Karthik actually reached out directly to someone from Cyrus One, called him very late at night when he was unable to sleep because of the noise.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And this other man said that he was trying to sleep, and Karthik told him that... I am trying to fall asleep too, dude.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He took this issue to anyone he could think of. His homeowners association, the members of the city council, the mayor, the police. He sent them an email actually saying... saying, I do not think I am imagining things here and wasting people's time.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He added that he'd taken his family with him on one of these noise patrols. I drove my entire family to the same spot, and they too could hear the noise. He was told there was nothing they could do.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He was told it wasn't that big of a deal. And yet to him, the noise just got worse. Cyrus One kept building. They were expanding. They added more buildings. They bought more land. They added more chillers.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: They were nice where Karthik just couldn't get to sleep whatsoever. He started wearing earplugs sometimes during the day. When he'd drive home, it was always with this sense of dread of returning back to the noise.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: He thought about installing new windows or planting trees to block the sound. But in the end, he decided that even though he'd lose money, even though he'd have to move to a smaller house, he was just going to have to sell his home.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It was around three years after Karthik had first heard the hum that another neighbor of his began to hear this humming coming across the street from her house We were over half a mile away on Walnut and Bluebird We walk outside her house and there a noise
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Then there was another neighbor that noticed that there was this constant steady whine, like what one person described as sort of like a constantly revving engine or this jet getting ready for takeoff.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I would describe it as a blender on steroids, but at a distance. So it's like... Just drills into your head almost like a mosquito. In the past two and a half years, I can honestly say I've not slept a full night's sleep.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Look, it's a wave. Look, it comes and goes. To me, this sounds like someone is down my street in their car, laying on their horn, nonstop.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And finally, one of Karthik's neighbors, who lived nearby but in a slightly different housing development, began to post these flyers around the neighborhood, asking if anyone else had been bothered by the wine.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: This is the lovely noise and we are right next to Dobson Park. We are in the middle of the neighborhood and you can hear it this morning. And it felt strangely relieved. I wouldn't say good. I would use the word relieved.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I was relieved that others are having the same issue and that we are going to potentially come together to seek a solution.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Eventually, with the added force of all these neighbors together, they were able to get a sit-down meeting through the city with Cyrus One.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It's a sound that just won't go away. A loud hum consuming a Chandler neighborhood. You can hear the hum of those fans if you're out playing at the park like these kids are tonight.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: The problem is, so can the hundreds of neighbors that live across the street. Cyrus One actually did vow that they were going to do something about this.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: They said that they would spend around $2 million to install noise abatement around the chillers, essentially to wrap them in these blankets that were designed to muffle some of the sound.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: So there is progress that's being made on this. Although there are neighbors that I spoke with who will tell you that they don't think it's better yet.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Cyrus One told the city they addressed the noise on 24 of their chillers. Neighbors say it hasn't changed.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Granted, the company is doing something. But of course, the devilish thing about a noise is once you notice it, and especially once you're irritated by it, it can be very, very hard to unhear.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: There's research that shows that we actually start to listen for the noise that irritates us, that we train ourselves to pick it up even better than we did at the outset.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: So while the low-pitched whine plagued the specific neighborhood in Chandler, Arizona, noise isn't just a problem that exists there. All of us are affected by it in ways I think most of us don't realize or think about.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I mean, noise is this violation that we can't control and to which, because of our anatomy, we cannot close ourselves off. And research shows that the world is getting noisier.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I think that noise tends to be this issue that we dismiss as this kind of minor issue for cranks or for the idle rich. But in fact, it's an incredibly widespread problem and one we need to be taking more seriously.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Coming up, the dangers and the weaponization of noise.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I'm Noam Hassenfeld, filling in for Sean Ramis for him. This is Today Explained.
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--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Today, today explained. Today explained.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: How big of a problem is noise exactly? Do people really care about it? They do, and we should all care more about it.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Noise is a huge issue, and really it's always been an issue. I mean, the earliest recorded noise complaint is 4,000 years old.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: It's from the Epic of Gilgamesh. One of the gods was so irritated by the racket caused by humans that he and the Council of Gods decided to solve the problem by exterminating mankind.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And there are a number of cases even since the beginning of the year of people shooting each other killing each other in part because of noise
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And in case there any doubt as to just how offensive and harmful noise can be I think it worth noting that the U military and law enforcement have actually repeatedly relied on noise as a weapon
--:-- Bianca Bosker: You know, they've used it to try and hurry up getting the dictator Manuel Noriega to surrender by actually just pounding his hideout with Kiss.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Troops have used it in Iraq, I mean, blasting the battlefield ahead of time. What kind of stuff? Guns and Roses, ACDC.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: and they've used noise in the form of a torture technique. Eminem to the Meow Mix jingle.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Is there like a technical definition of noise? What's the best way to think about it?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: There are various definitions of noise, But noise is slightly different from sound.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Noise already, that word implies sound with a judgment, right? Sound that is annoying, sound that is disturbing.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And part of what makes noise such a difficult thing to fight is that it is subjective.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I spoke with an acoustic expert who described it to me as, Sound is when you mow your lawn. Noise is when your neighbor mows their lawn.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And music is when your neighbor mows your lawn. And I think what's tricky about noise as a kind of foe is that it doesn't leave a trace.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: It vanishes when you go after it. It's hard to measure. It's hard to describe. And again, it's subjective.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: You know, your music, literally sometimes, right, if you're living in an apartment with your neighbors blasting music, is oftentimes my noise.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: You know, one also thing to keep in mind is that noise isn't necessarily loud.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I think a lot of us have this idea that sound has to be at a really high volume to drive us crazy.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And if you ever tried to sleep through like a dripping faucet, you know that something can be very quiet and still drive you up the wall.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: So it can be, like, annoying for people, but is it actually bad? Is it bad for health or anything like that?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Yeah, well, there's certain short-term effects of noise. So in response to noise, you know, we release stress hormones, our blood pressure goes up, our heart rate rises.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And our body can respond to noise, especially at night, as low as around 33 decibels, which is around as loud as a purring cat.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Studies have shown that over long periods of time, prolonged exposure to noise can lead to a higher risk of high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, dementia, depression.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: It can be very harmful to children. There was a landmark study that was done in the 70s that there were two classrooms in a school in New York, one of which was very close to the clatter of a subway track.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And they found that the reading level of that noisy classroom was actually around a year behind that of students in a quieter classroom.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And that difference disappeared once they installed some noise abatement to reduce the sound.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Is it mostly affecting people that live in cities? Is it affecting certain types of populations differently?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Noise levels tend to be higher in poorer communities as well as neighborhoods that have higher populations of Black, Asian, and Latino residents.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And in fact, these researchers thought that their numbers might actually underestimate the difference because people who are wealthier probably take soundproofing measures to even further protect themselves from any noise that may exist.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Like you're paying a premium for silence when you pay more for housing or something.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Or even quiet, that quiet is something that's only accessible to people who work on lush corporate campuses or have the money to go to spas or silent yoga retreats or you name it to escape.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Again, I think we often think about noise as being this kind of 1% problem, something that people, they complain about the leaf blowers at their vacation homes.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: But in fact, noise can have an undue burden on people that don't have the resources to protect themselves from it.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: There really is a concern that silence and quiet is becoming a luxury.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I imagine there are different laws in different places about this. Is there like a national law against noise in any way?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: The federal government briefly had an appetite for noise legislation in the 70s.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: In 1972, the Nixon administration passed a federal noise statute designed to quiet the country.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: But in 1981, just nine years later, the Reagan administration withdrew funding for that.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And so since then, as one of these noise experts put it, the federal government has essentially been out of the noise business.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And the burden has fallen to local governments to really take charge on quieting their constituents.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: So if the burden is falling to local communities, what kind of regulations do they have? How do you even stop things like this?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: In general local noise codes tend to be either qualitative or quantitative Qualitative basically prohibits any sort of noise that is disturbing or unreasonably loud but they don't go so far as to define what constitutes disturbing or unreasonably loud.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: A quantitative noise code, on the other hand, will define in quantitative measurable terms what is disturbing or unreasonably loud.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: So New York City, for example, has a quantitative noise code. There are rules that say that a dog can't bark for more than 10 contiguous minutes between 7 a.m. and 10 p.m.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I believe that's what it says. But between like 10 p.m. and 7 a.m., I believe, a dog can only bark for five continuous minutes.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Wait, seriously? That's a real thing?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Yeah, I mean, if a dog is barking for three continuous minutes at 2 in the morning, I think technically it's okay.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: But there are noise researchers who argue that even with these measurements, we may not be measuring noise correctly.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Noise codes tend to not put as much weight on, let's say, very low-frequency noise that can, A, travel very far distances, and B, can be felt.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I mean, low-frequency noise, that's things like the rattle from a subwoofer or the thudding of a bus outside.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Things that you may feel, right, more than you can actually hear them.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Yeah, I remember when I lived in New York, I lived over at this restaurant, and they would play music pretty late at night.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And I went down to ask them to, you know, turn it down, and it just wasn't that loud down there.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I mean, I could feel it upstairs because of the bass, but down there it just seemed like it was at a normal volume.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Right. But I'm sure you were annoyed by it.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: It was annoying. It was hard to sleep.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I mean, not to worry you, but it probably wasn't very good for you either.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: So with the Cyrus One example, you said they ended up wrapping the chillers to make the noise better, even if you're not exactly sure if that ended up working.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: But did they have to do that? Was it because of a noise code violation?
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I know from speaking with a local police commander in Chandler that there wasn't really appetite to issue a citation to Cyrus One.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: It wasn't something that, at least at the time, they felt had violated the noise code.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: When the city issued the permits, they weren't required to consider the noise footprint of Cyrus One, nor did they.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I think what was frustrating for the neighbors was that the police would come and sample the sound, whereas they were living with it.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: What can be kind of tolerable during a brief visit is something very different when it's inescapable.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And so Cyrus One hasn't, to my knowledge, technically violated some code or ordinance that the city has put in place.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: And nonetheless, they are trying, as they put it, to be good neighbors and are taking some efforts to try and quiet themselves.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Okay, so just to be clear, it's really noisy out there, and the regulations that we do have aren't exactly doing too much.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Do we just have to get used to a noisy world?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I think it's important to appreciate the way that the nature of noise is changing.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: It used to be that a lot of the noise was created by the human hand.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: You know, we were ringing bells. We were driving carriages. We were crying as town criers.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And now when you look at the noise that's being produced, I think one thing that's kind of chilling is the way that it's become autonomous, right?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Machines are an inexhaustible source of noise.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: You know, their vocal cords don't tire. They don't need to take a break. They can just keep going.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And they can be amplified, of course.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: People who spend a lot of time in quiet, you know, talk about really being able to tune into yourself more to, you know, not be accosted with this external activation all of the time.
--:-- Bianca Bosker: Because we have become so surrounded by noise i think a lot of us have responded by adding our own noise to it you know we insulate ourselves from outside noise by giving ourselves personal noise we listen to podcasts we listen to music and so you know i think in some ways that may not be helping the problem
--:-- Bianca Bosker: I mean i do want people to listen to the end of this podcast but um you know i also think that in some ways we've reacted defensively to noise by adding more noise right
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And I think it raises the question of if we took out our earphones, if we had to listen to the sound of our cities, of our environments, what do we hear? Do we like it? Are we bothered by it?
--:-- Bianca Bosker: And if we are bothered by it, let's do something about it.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I wonder if people haven't turned us off already, maybe we can give them a couple seconds of quiet.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: You gotta ruin it.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Bianca Bosker is a contributing writer for The Atlantic. She also writes books.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Her most recent one is called Cork Dork, and it's all about wine.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: Thanks, Bianca, for connecting us with Karthik Talikar.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: I'm Noam Hassenfeld, filling in for Sean Ramesverham.
--:-- Noam Hassenfeld: This is Today Explained.
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