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--:-- Rob Schmitz: Leading democracies seek new ways to help Ukraine. Though several are focused closer to home. There's a little bit of a monkey wrench in all of this because these recent European parliamentary elections. How does Europe shift to the right affect the war?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: I'm Steve Inskeep, that's Rob Schmitz, and this is Up First from NPR News.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: U.S. diplomats say a ceasefire they support for Gaza is close to one offered by Hamas. Hamas has not signed on. Hamas has proposed numerous changes. Some of the changes are workable, some are not. How close is an end to the destruction?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Also, the head of Microsoft faces questions about cyber attacks by Russia and China. And just as he testifies, a news organization investigated what went wrong in a famous hack in 2020. Could Microsoft have prevented it? Stay with us. We've got the news you need to start your day.
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--:-- Rob Schmitz: This message comes from BetterHelp. President Fernando Madeira describes how BetterHelp Online Therapy has helped him.
--:-- President Fernando Madeira: For me, sometimes I just need to go and talk to somebody that is not going to judge me, right? Is going to be there and going to listen to me. And I can start just saying, look, I'm not feeling right today. And it feels natural. I love it.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: To get matched with a therapist, visit BetterHelp.com slash NPR for 10% off your first month.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: This message comes from Lisa. Lisa mattresses are meticulously designed and assembled in the USA for exceptional quality, and each mattress is designed with specific sleep positions and feel preferences in mind. Plus, they back it all up with free shipping, easy returns, and a 100-night sleep trial. Visit Lisa.com for 25% off mattresses, plus get an extra $50 off with promo code NPR.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: That's L-E-E-S-A dot com, promo code NPR.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: This message comes from the NPR Wine Club, which has generated over $1.75 million to support NPR programming. Whether buying a few bottles or joining the club, you can learn more at nprwineclub.org slash podcast. Must be 21 or older to purchase.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: Presidents and prime ministers from the world's leading democracies are here in Europe today holding the Group of Seven summit in Italy. The U.S. and other nations have been supporting Ukraine's defense against Russia, and their latest idea is to pay for the war using Russia's own money.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: They're negotiating a plan that would spend the interest on $300 billion of Russian assets that are frozen in Western banks.
--:-- NPR White House Correspondent Deepa Shivram: Good morning, Rob. So, Deepa, what is the plan with using these frozen Russian assets?
--:-- Deepa Shivram: Yeah. So when Russia invaded Ukraine back in 2022, right, Russian assets that are in banks, mostly in Europe, were frozen. And that's money, securities, gold, bonds, things like that. And the interest collected from those frozen assets is generating a decent chunk of change, Rob, roughly $3 billion a year.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: Wow. That's a lot of interest.
--:-- Deepa Shivram: The idea is that the money can be given to Ukraine to help them with the weapons they need and also help rebuild their country when this war eventually ends.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: This idea has been discussed for months. And the thing that needs to be sorted out here is that the details of how much money Ukraine gets is in question. You know, at what rate can they get that money? Is it a big lump sum? Does it get spread out over the course of years? And who's responsible for this money going out of the banks into Ukraine? Is it Europe's responsibility or the U.S. is.
--:-- Deepa Shivram: So a lot of questions left. At this point, it's kind of unclear what the final agreement is going to look like on this issue. But there is a general consensus here that leaders do need a plan to continue helping Ukraine financially.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: So this summit is taking place pretty soon after elections where some G7 countries like France and Germany saw far-right candidates win more seats. How is that factoring into these discussions?
--:-- Deepa Shivram: I would say it's factoring pretty heavily in. I talked to Scheherazade Rehman, who's a professor of international finance at George Washington University, and she says that when it comes to this conversation about funding Ukraine, how leaders in Europe are approaching it today might be different than before these elections in France and Germany took place right Far parties winning more seats like France National Rally Party for example could potentially complicate future support for Ukraine
--:-- Rob Schmitz: So Rehman says there's more pressure on European leaders to hammer out this plan on securing funding.
--:-- Deepa Shivram: There's a little bit of a monkey wrench in all of this because these recent European parliamentary elections, Europe has its own worries now with snap elections in some key countries. The Europeans are coming into this meeting in a very different footing than if this was 10 days ago.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Elections, elections. There is one coming up in the United States. How is that going to impact everything?
--:-- Deepa Shivram: Yeah, that's right. I would say it's been pretty top of mind, Rob, that this might be the last summit where all of these specific G7 leaders get together. And G7 leaders know what it was like to work with former President Trump, who wasn't a fan of the G7 and has been critical of giving more funding to Ukraine.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: So that's definitely contributing to this sense of urgency at this summit to find a way to economically support Ukraine no matter which candidate wins the election in November.
--:-- Deepa Shivram: Finalizing these details on Ukraine is also a way to secure more funding without fully relying on Congress, which took months to pass the latest round of support for Ukraine.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And in the meantime, Biden will also sign a security agreement today with Ukrainian President Zelensky, which outlines U.S. support for Ukraine. But it's not a binding agreement necessarily. So it's not really clear what will happen depending on if there's a new president after the election in November.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: That's NPR's Deepa Shivram. Thanks for joining us, Deepa.
--:-- Deepa Shivram: Thanks for having me.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Every few days, it seems, we come to you with an update on a possible ceasefire in Gaza. Which is different from telling you of an actual ceasefire. Neither Israel nor Hamas have publicly agreed on a plan promoted by President Biden. Israel faces political complications. Hamas is demanding changes, according to Secretary of State Antony Blinken.
--:-- NPR's Daniel Estrin: Hi, Steve.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: What are the changes that Hamas wants?
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Well, Hamas officials tell us that their main demand here is a guaranteed end of the war. Now, both sides do agree to a six-week ceasefire at the beginning. There would be an initial exchange of hostages and Palestinian prisoners. It's the next phase of the deal here that is the sticking point.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Israel says it won't guarantee the end of the war. It will only hold more talks to try to reach the end of the war. And the way Israel sees this is that it won't agree to end the war until it ensures that Hamas cannot continue governing Gaza.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: There are also the Israeli far right in government doesn't want to end the war. The way Hamas sees this, on the other hand, is that it wants to prevent Israel from resuming the war the minute it gets hostages back from Gaza.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Oh, it's been using the hostages all along to try to bring an end to the conflict. The details here seem to matter a lot since so many thousands of people are being killed.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: So what are the other demands Hamas has made?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Well, Antony Blinken, the Secretary of State, is not revealing the details, but an Egyptian security official tells NPR that Hamas is demanding a few main things. First, that Israel withdraw its forces from Gaza's border with Egypt in the first week of the ceasefire. That may be unacceptable to Israel. This is a border area that's a lifeline to Hamas.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: And, you know, whoever controls that border controls Gaza. So that's a big question that still needs to be worked out.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Another demand of Hamas, according to a Hamas official who spoke with us, is that Hamas wants to say in which Palestinian prisoners Israel releases in this exchange.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: And Hamas might demand the most senior and high-profile Palestinian convicts who are serving multiple life sentences for deadly attacks on Israelis.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: So how can the outside parties push this over the finish line?
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Well, Egypt and Qatar, their main negotiators here, they want to meet with Hamas now to discuss its latest response. Israel has not sent negotiators to Egypt or Qatar yet.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: So the mediators know that these talks are in a very difficult stage. They're trying to save the talks and they're trying to save the prospect of a ceasefire.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Blinken has been saying that the onus is on Hamas here. That appears to be part of the negotiating tactics I mean the reality is that there are fundamental gaps Hamas has a desire to end the war and survive the war Israel wants to make sure Hamas does not survive the war So that's the fundamental gap that negotiators are trying to bridge.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Blinken was here in the Mideast for a few days. He says the U.S. is not only looking for a ceasefire, but is looking for something much bigger, a plan it hopes to present in the coming weeks for bigger questions like who governs Gaza after the war.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: And I should just say here, Steve, there's another big pressure point. what's happening on the Israel-Lebanon border. Israel killed a senior Hezbollah official. More than 200 Hezbollah rockets rained down on northern Israel yesterday.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And Blinken says the best way to prevent another war is to first reach a ceasefire in Gaza.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: NPR's Daniel Estrin is in Tel Aviv. Daniel, thanks so much.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: You're welcome.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Okay, today a House committee here in Washington questions the president of Microsoft, Brad Smith. That's right. The Homeland Security Committee wants to know about two cyber attacks by China and Russia in the past year.
--:-- Renee Dudley: Welcome to the program. Thanks for having me.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Okay, I was just yesterday explaining to my kids the way that Microsoft software is throughout our lives. It's used all over the place. And now you've got this whistleblower, Andrew Harris, who said they had a security flaw.
--:-- Renee Dudley: So Andrew Harris said that when he was a Microsoft employee a few years ago, He discovered the security weakness in a product that many customers, including the U.S. government, used to log onto their devices. This flaw could allow hackers to masquerade as legitimate employees and rummage through victims' most sensitive data all without tripping alarms.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: He said he repeatedly raised these concerns about this flaw to his colleagues inside Microsoft, but at every turn they dismissed him. They said addressing this flaw would undermine their business goals.
--:-- Renee Dudley: He was so frustrated that he quit his job in August 2020. Then four months later, the SolarWinds hack, the biggest hack in U.S. history, was discovered. Russian spies exploited this very flaw that Harris had warned about to breach government agencies.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: How could it be that fixing a security flaw would get in the way of the company's business goals?
--:-- Renee Dudley: I was very interested in that question. And one of the places that I focused on was the MSRC, which is short for Microsoft Security Response Center. This center is like a clearinghouse for reports of security bugs. And it was Harris's very first stop when he began warning colleagues of the flaw that he discovered.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: But the issue is that the center itself was understaffed and under-resourced. And one employee who used to work there told me that staff is trained to think of cases in terms of how can I get to won't fix.
--:-- Renee Dudley: So this center also clashed with the product teams. Wait, what does that mean? How can I get to won't fix? They were looking for excuses to not address the reports of weaknesses that security researchers like Andrew Harris brought to them.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: They had so much volume dealing with hundreds or even thousands of reports of weaknesses a month. And they just didn't have the staff or the resources to get to them all.
--:-- Renee Dudley: And, you know, another big issue there is that they're clashing with the product teams that they need to fix the actual issues. So they would bring a security vulnerability to a product group. They'd say, you need to fix this flaw. But those groups were often unmotivated to act fast, if at all, because compensation is tied to the release of new products and features.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: One former employee told me that you'll get a promotion because you'll release the next new shiny product for the cloud, not because you fixed a bunch of security bugs.
--:-- Renee Dudley: OK, so you reveal all of this about the SolarWinds hack back in 2020. What, if anything, is Microsoft saying about your reporting?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: They dispute nothing. They said that their number one priority is customer security.
--:-- Renee Dudley: And today we hear from Brad Smith Microsoft president at a hearing before Congress Some members of Congress are very interested in the government reliance on Microsoft products especially as the Defense Department, a big Microsoft customer as it is, says it's moving towards spending even more to upgrade its existing Microsoft licenses.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Renee Dudley is a reporter with ProPublica. Thanks so much.
--:-- Renee Dudley: Thanks very much for having me.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And we'll note, Microsoft is one of NPR's sponsors, And as you may have just noticed, we cover them as we would any other company.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: Hall of Fame basketball player Jerry West died yesterday at 86 years old. He was a point guard in the 1960s and 70s for the Minneapolis and later Los Angeles Lakers.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Even if you weren't around when Jerry West played, you've likely seen him, even if you didn't know it, because his silhouette, dribbling a basketball while turning, is the official logo of the NBA.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: So in 1969, I got a call from the Licensee Corporation of America, and they said that the NBA needed a new logo.
--:-- Alan Siegel: I called my friend Dick Schaaf, then the managing editor of Sport Magazine, and I said, can I look through your portfolio of photographs? I need some inspiration to design this logo.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: Siegel looked at a lot of photos, and a picture of Jerry West weaving his way down the basketball court caught his eye.
--:-- Alan Siegel: It was very vertical. There was a nice sway to it.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: For decades, the NBA would not acknowledge that the image in the logo is Jerry West. What?
--:-- Rob Schmitz: But West always knew it was him.
--:-- Jerry West: I don't like publicity. to me, you wish that no one knew who it was. Here's what my response is. That's me. I'm flattered.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: That's always my response. I never talk about it, but I'm flattered.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: I'm thinking about all the modern debates about name, image, and likeness of athletes.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Well, this is a silhouette. Name, image, likeness, silhouette.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: West was never paid for being the logo, which was created decades before players had these licensing deals.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Meanwhile, the NBA logo became the prototype for dozens of other sports.
--:-- Alan Siegel: So whether it's squash, tennis, soccer, as you move around the world, you see that virtually all sports identities are derivative from that design.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Whether he liked it or not, Jerry West was the original.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: And I guess we'll just mention his Lakers are not in the NBA finals, but the Celtics are. They're now up three games to nothing against Dallas.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And that's Up First for this Thursday, June 13th. I'm Steve Inskeep. And I'm Rob Schmitz.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: If you want to stay up to date with the news you need to start your day, sign up to receive the Up First newsletter. You'll get NPR's daily news and analysis right in your inbox. Sign up at npr.org slash Up First newsletter.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Today's Up First was edited by Roberta Rampton, Hannah Block, Alice Wolfley, and Mohamed El-Bardisi.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: It was produced by Ziad Butch, Christopher Thomas, and Julie Deppenbrock.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: We get engineering support from Carly Strange and our technical director, Zach Coleman.
--:-- Rob Schmitz: Join us tomorrow.
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