--:-- Leila Fathol: How did someone turn thousands of pagers into little bombs? Members of the Lebanese group Hezbollah received a page, followed by explosions that came in homes, in stores, and on the street.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: I'm Steve Inskeep with Leila Fathol, and this is Up First from NPR News.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The Federal Reserve decides on interest rates today. The current batch of data no longer requires patience. It requires action. So how will a rate cut affect the average American?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And new data suggests progress in the fight against America's drug epidemic. Drug overdose deaths, which have totaled over 100,000 annually for the past several years, are finally falling. We're seeing declines of 20 percent, 30 percent.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Has the country turned a corner? Stay with us. We'll give you the news you need to start your day.
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--:-- Leila Fathol: The scenes across Lebanon were like something out of a James Bond movie. Yesterday, pagers exploded across the country. These are old-style communication devices, often used today by hospital staff or groups that want secure communications, which apparently included the armed group Hezbollah.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Many of its members were carrying these pagers in bags or on their hips or in their hands when they detonated yesterday. Videos showed explosions in grocery stores, at desks, and in crowded streets.
--:-- Leila Fathol: NPR's producer in Beirut, Jawad Rezala, reported from a hospital shortly after the blasts.
--:-- Jawad Rezala: [Audio clip of Jawad Rezala reporting from a hospital] Ambulances keep coming, and no filming is allowed. Their army is here. It's a scene of chaos.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The attack killed at least nine people, including two children and wounded thousands more. A U.S. official tells NPR that Israel has acknowledged to the United States that it was responsible.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: NPR's Daniel Estrin is following these developments from Tel Aviv and joins us now.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Hi, Leila. Hey, Leila. So walk us through the details of what we know about what happened in Lebanon.
--:-- Leila Fathol: This took place at 3.30 in the afternoon on Tuesday. Pagers exploded across Beirut in south Lebanon, and they also went off in Syria, according to a Syrian monitoring group.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Hezbollah says that these were handheld pagers used by its operatives. The son of a Hezbollah parliament member was killed. The Iranian ambassador to Lebanon was wounded. And Lebanon's health minister said that the majority of the injuries were to the face and to the eyes.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And that might be because people were holding up these pagers to read a text message.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: According to the New York Times, a text message came in appearing to be from the Hezbollah leadership and then the blasts followed.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Yeah, I watched some of these videos where people were buying groceries and then suddenly an explosion.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: And as we mentioned Israel admitted to the U that it was behind this mass attack. How did Israel carry this out?
--:-- Leila Fathol: Well, first of all, the pagers Hezbollah started using pagers at the beginning of this year because it was worried that Israel had infiltrated their smartphones.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: That's what a Jordanian security expert told me, Amr El-Sabayle. He follows Hezbollah, and he said that the group distributed these pages across the organization this year.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And the New York Times reports that Israel booby-trapped the pagers before they were brought into Lebanon and that the pager brand is apparently associated with a company in Taiwan.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Now, NPR's Emily Fang is in Taiwan. She visited that company this morning and the owner told her that the pagers were their brand, yes, but that they were manufactured by another company based in Budapest.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And all that he knew was that one of the company's local directors was named Teresa.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: So very mysterious. Still a lot we don't know yet.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Very mysterious. And Hezbollah has warned that there will be consequences.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Are there any signs you see that at this point could lead to an all-out regional war?
--:-- Leila Fathol: I feel like we talk about this all the time, Daniel, but at this point, what do you think?
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Oh, yeah. I mean, we are fearful of a regional war and that fear, I think we're much closer to that today than we have been before.
--:-- Leila Fathol: We've been speaking with security experts in the region who think it will take time for Hezbollah to respond. Its communication system has been hijacked. They are suspicious. There might be a mole in their midst collaborating with Israel.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: So it's a big psychological blow. Hezbollah will need time to rebuild.
--:-- Leila Fathol: I think the question is, will Israel be the one to initiate a further attack on a weakened Hezbollah?
--:-- Daniel Estrin: Israel has been saying that military action is needed to stop Hezbollah's attacks on Israel. And the Biden administration has been trying to prevent a regional war.
--:-- Leila Fathol: But based on NPR's reporting, the administration finds this attack very unhelpful.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: NPR's Daniel Estrin in Tel Aviv. Thank you, Daniel.
--:-- Daniel Estrin: You're welcome.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The long-running battle against inflation is coming to a turning point today. The Federal Reserve is expected to start cutting interest rates, which is good news for anybody who's trying to borrow money to buy a car or grow a business.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: NPR's Scott Horsley joins us now to discuss.
--:-- Scott Horsley: Hi, Scott. Good morning.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Good morning. So why is the Fed making this move now?
--:-- Scott Horsley: It's moving because inflation has come down a lot. Annual inflation last month was just 2.5%. That's a big improvement from a couple years ago when it was north of 9%.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And at the same time, we are starting to see some weakness in the job market.
--:-- Scott Horsley: So Fed policymakers feel like it's time to start letting up on the brakes. One big question in today's meeting is how quickly they're going to move.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Some people think the Fed is getting a late start on rate cuts and needs to act aggressively to catch up.
--:-- Scott Horsley: Fed Governor Chris Waller is not in that camp. He thinks the central bank was right to proceed with caution.
--:-- Leila Fathol: I believe our patience over the last 18 months has served us well. But the current batch of data no longer requires patience. It requires action.
--:-- Scott Horsley: So we're going to get some action today. We're not sure how much. And it's important to stress today's rate cut is just the first step. We're likely to see interest rates fall further in the months to come.
--:-- Leila Fathol: So you say there's uncertainty about the size of today's rate cut. What are the options?
--:-- Scott Horsley: A normal rate cut would be a quarter percentage point but some are arguing for a more aggressive half reduction.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The Fed acted aggressively to raise interest rates when it was focused on fighting inflation and some want the central bank to be equally aggressive about cutting interest rates now that the focus is shifting to protecting the job market.
--:-- Scott Horsley: Waller says he is open to that argument, but he didn't make any commitments when he spoke at Notre Dame a couple weeks ago.
--:-- Leila Fathol: I am open-minded about the size and pace of cuts. If the data supports cuts at consecutive meetings, then I believe it will be appropriate to do so. If the data suggests the need for larger cuts, then I will support that as well.
--:-- Scott Horsley: Fed policymakers like to say they are data-driven, but their challenge is so far the data has been kind of inconclusive.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The latest jobs number was kind of weak, but not so weak you'd say you've got to go with a bigger rate cut.
--:-- Scott Horsley: The most recent inflation data showed price hikes remain a little stubborn, but not so bad that you definitely want to stick with a smaller rate cut.
--:-- Leila Fathol: So does cutting interest rates mean the inflation battle is over?
--:-- Scott Horsley: I wouldn't go that far. I think policymakers do feel confident that they've made a lot of progress and the prices are not going to go spiraling out of control again.
--:-- Leila Fathol: But they're still going to be on alert. Inflation is still above the Fed's target of 2%.
--:-- Scott Horsley: And even once it's back to 2%, that doesn't mean that prices are going back to where they were before the pandemic.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And, of course, a lot of people remain frustrated by the cumulative price hikes of the last several years.
--:-- Scott Horsley: Waller says he gets that. I don't dismiss any of the pain and suffering people have from this. I go to the grocery store myself. I'll look at certain products and say, hell no, I am not buying that.
--:-- Leila Fathol: The good news is wages aren't going back to pre-pandemic levels either. Average wages have been climbing faster than prices for over a year now.
--:-- Scott Horsley: And eventually that means people's buying power should catch up.
--:-- Leila Fathol: NPR's Scott Horsley. Thank you, Scott.
--:-- Scott Horsley: You're welcome.
--:-- Leila Fathol: For the first time in decades, drug overdose deaths in the U.S. appear to be plummeting. This is a big deal, a hopeful trend, which began late last year, and it's accelerating.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: It may mean thousands fewer drug deaths each year. NPR addiction correspondent Brian Mann is covering the story, and he joins me now.
--:-- Brian Mann: Good morning, Layla. Good morning, Brian.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Okay, so the fentanyl overdose crisis has been devastating. Are things finally getting better?
--:-- Brian Mann: You know, the experts I'm talking to say this looks really promising. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, they show more than a 10% drop in deaths.
--:-- Leila Fathol: That's unprecedented. And Dr. Nabarandas Gupta, researcher at the University of North Carolina, says new, more recent data collected by many states shows an even bigger change.
--:-- Brian Mann: In the states that have the most rapid data collection systems, we're seeing declines of 20 percent, 30 percent. Ohio, for example, has seen drug deaths drop by roughly a third. Missouri, fatal overdose is down 34 percent.
--:-- Leila Fathol: As Gupta says, if this trend holds, Layla, we could see 20,000 fewer overdose deaths each year in the U.S.
--:-- Brian Mann: I checked in with Keith Humphreys. He's one of the nation's top addiction researchers at Stanford University, and he summed it up this way.
--:-- Leila Fathol: This is going to be the best year we've had since all of this started.
--:-- Brian Mann: So yeah, most researchers I talk to agree this is a big change.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Okay, so do we know why this is happening? Well, first to be clear, nobody thinks this problem is solved.
--:-- Brian Mann: Deaths appear to be way down and dropping fast, but there are still roughly 100 fatal overdoses a year.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Rahul Gupta, the White House drug czar, says he is convinced now that the tide is finally shifting.
--:-- Brian Mann: And he thinks it's because public health and addiction treatment programs are finally working. He points to one thing in particular, the spread of this overdose reversal drug, naloxone, also known as Narcan.
--:-- Leila Fathol: He thinks that's really helping. And Gupta wants to double down on those efforts in places that are still seeing really high drug deaths, especially Black and Native American communities.
--:-- Brian Mann: No way we're going to beat this epidemic by not focusing on communities that are often marginalized, underserved, communities of color.
--:-- Leila Fathol: One thing that is interesting here, though, is a lot of experts don't think this drop in drug deaths can be explained entirely by these public health measures.
--:-- Brian Mann: It's such a big drop. Those things are likely helping, but it's still a mystery why so many people are now surviving compared with just a year ago.
--:-- Leila Fathol: Researchers are now racing to try to understand the change. They want to build on it, keep it going, try to save even more lives.
--:-- Brian Mann: What about people experiencing addiction? I know you talk to a lot of people. Do they think this change is real?
--:-- Leila Fathol: You know, some people I spoke to say drug use is as dangerous and scary as ever.
--:-- Brian Mann: But I also spoke with people like Kevin Donaldson. He uses fentanyl on the street in Burlington, Vermont.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And he told me more of his friends are surviving overdoses.
--:-- Brian Mann: For a while there, we're hearing about it every other day. But when it was the last overdose, we heard about a couple weeks ago, maybe.
--:-- Leila Fathol: That's pretty far and few between.
--:-- Brian Mann: Now, because someone survives an overdose doesn't mean they're free of addiction. But what addiction experts are telling me, Layla, is that by reversing the catastrophic level of death, this is an important first step.
--:-- Leila Fathol: If this trend holds up, it gives thousands more people in the U.S. a chance, a shot to get into long-term recovery.
--:-- Brian Mann: NPR addiction correspondent Brian Mann. Thank you, Brian.
--:-- Brian Mann: Thank you.
--:-- Leila Fathol: And that's a first for Wednesday, September 18th. I'm Layla Faldin. And I'm Steve Inskeep on the next Consider This from NPR News.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: The strike by auto workers late last year seemed to signal better times for the UAW, but a year later, for some, the future is in doubt. Consider This from NPR News.
--:-- [Closing music plays]
--:-- Leila Fathol: Today's episode of Up First was edited by Vincent Nee, Rafael Naum, Andrea DeLeon, HJ Mai, and Ali Schweitzer.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: It was produced by Iman Ma'ani, Ziad Butch, Nia Dumas, and Mansi Karana.
--:-- Leila Fathol: We get engineering support from Carly Strange and our technical director is Zach Coleman.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Join us again tomorrow.
--:-- Leila Fathol: ZipRecruiter.com
