--:-- Aisha Roscoe: I'm Aisha Roscoe, and this is a Sunday story from Up First. Every Sunday, we do something special, going beyond the news of the day to bring you one big story. Today, that story comes from Laura Sullivan, a correspondent on the investigations team here at NPR, who was on the ground in Western North Carolina last fall, five days after Hurricane Helene. Laura, tell us what that was like.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Okay, so first, you have to understand that as much as 30 inches of rain fell in some places, and all that rain came slamming down North Carolina's mountains, just wiping out entire towns. And when we got there, many homes were like piles of matchsticks. Tractor trailers were smashed into homes. There were helicopters carrying pallets of water over our heads to people who were trapped.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Now, you've covered a lot of disasters. Did this one feel different?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: No, that's the thing. I've covered disasters in Florida, New York, Texas, Puerto Rico. And each time, the type of destruction is different. But the impact, the impact is the same. And in North Carolina, standing there in this town called Swannanoa, it was hard to imagine how any of this was going to work out for anyone.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And not only were they going to have to look at all the decisions that they had made that may have left them vulnerable, but figure out what they want to do now, now that they know how bad things can get.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: You've spent the past eight months on a reporting mission with PBS Frontline, trying to figure out how exactly communities are building back from disasters. And I know from the places you've been that some of the communities have gotten it wrong. Why is this such a hard thing to do?
--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Rebuilding after a storm is really complicated. I mean, no two people are going to agree on exactly how it should be done. And that conflict means a lot of communities are just getting stuck. These big plans falter, the big ideas, they just fizzle out.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And over the past few months, we've seen North Carolina struggle to rebuild, just as we once saw other communities struggle. So we decided to go back to places that we've been to see if there were lessons for North Carolina. We went back to New York, which had been hit by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. We went back to Houston, which had been hit by Harvey in 2017, to see if all these years later, had they figured it out, had they figured out how to put their communities and their neighborhoods back together. And whether they had done so in a way that might help them survive the next storm.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: What did you find? What we found were powerful forces undermining the choices communities make, leaving homes and neighborhoods more vulnerable to future disasters, and in some cases, allowing private developers to profit.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: So where do you want to start this story?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: This story starts on the side of the road in Swannanoa, when we first heard the names Nola and Robert Ramsor. They were an older couple that was missing, and some search and rescue volunteers had stopped us, and they asked us if we had seen them. It's been days and she still can't find them.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And how many people are missing?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: This is the older couple?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We hadn't seen them, but we decided to go down the street to where they had lived to see what had happened. And that's where we met the couple's daughter.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: When we come back, an investigation into what really happens when communities try to rebuild. Stay with us.
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--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We're back with NPR correspondent Laura Sullivan, who's going to pick up our story on how we recover from disasters. Nola and Robert Ramsor lived in a trailer park along the Swannanoa River. Five days after Helene, the Ramsor's daughter, Shalena Jordan, drove a couple hours from her home in Winston-Salem to see if she could figure out what had happened to her parents.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Only a week before, she and her husband and kids had visited her parents here. And now her parents' home was barely recognizable.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And this is the first time you've seen this?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Yes. I've only seen helicopter footage, Facebook stuff. That's how I've been trying to make a timeline of what happened. Yeah. If they were evacuated, if they left on their own accord.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Shalina reaches the trailer. Oh. It's ripped open, exposing the bedroom and bathroom, the tub full of brown water. All the furniture is smashed into the far side of the trailer, and a black pickup truck is wedged up against one end.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: What do you think? It's just unbelievable.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We're just here. She looks around, hoping her parents left a note. all the other neighbors have been found. My parents are the only ones that haven't been found yet.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: I mean of course Friday you know I like oh they got a lot of rain whatever she call me back you know because she stopped texting me around 7
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: She stopped texting you at 7 7 a on Friday morning
--:-- Laura Sullivan: And their cars are still here. That black Jeep with the door that's open and that red car just ahead of it. Those are their cars. If they were to go into the river to maybe try to escape. Neither one of them can swim.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: They can't swim?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Neither one of them can swim. And if they get washed away, like what they did by themselves, they died alone.
--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: The Ramsers' trailer was about 60 feet from the river's edge. Ben Larrabee lived next door, and standing outside the remains of his own trailer, He tells us he knows exactly what the Ramsers went through the morning of the storm.
--:-- Ben Larrabee: When we woke up, the water was already above my knees. And it was just raising so fast, you couldn't even, it was like you couldn't even make decisions. The entire trailer park in every direction was already engulfed in raging brown water.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Larrabee called his brother to discuss whether his mattress might make a good flotation device. Then he took out his phone and started recording video.
--:-- Ben Larrabee: This is nuts. I ain't never seen something like this. Man, I don't know what to do, guys. Look how fast it is. You can't jump in that. No, you can jump in that.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We see a semi-trailer floating by. There's one of the trailers that are gone. And then it rose to the top. Oh, boy. And then, Larrabee pulls up one final video. In it, he points his phone at the Ramsers' trailer.
--:-- Ben Larrabee: Oh, man, I hope these guys are going to be all right. And in the very back, you can see a tiny figure, a man in a dark coat, wading out onto the porch. And that's him down there. There he is. See, it's already almost to his knees. It's on his feet. Yeah. It was the last time anybody saw Robert Ramsor alive.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Larrabee was lucky. He survived the worst of the storm with his trailer intact. He waited to safety after the water receded.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: From this spot on the river's edge, on all sides, you can see homes and trailers pulled off their foundations and ripped apart. But just across the way, we could see a row of sturdy duplexes. They seemed barely touched, some of the only man-made structures still standing.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: They're set back from the river's edge, elevated far off the ground on stout concrete foundations. There are wide slots under the house, flood vents, meant to open under the pressure of water to let it flow through.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: These homes survived. They were built to survive in a place that has flooded repeatedly. And standing here amid all this destruction, the question seems obvious. Why weren't more of the homes built like this?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And this question took us on a journey to understand what happens after a catastrophic storm and how communities prepare for an uncertain future.
--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
--:-- Announcer: Breaking news, Hurricane Harvey barreling into the Texas coastline. To find some answers, we had to go back to a place we had visited eight years ago, Houston.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Hurricane Harvey rolled in off the Gulf of Mexico and then lingered, pouring more than four days of relentless rain over the city. The Houston area is dealing with a disaster of epic proportions from Hurricane Harvey.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Houston is different from North Carolina, where flooded mountain rivers swept houses away. Houston is low, barely rising above sea level. Here, when floodwaters come, it's usually a slow rise, foot by foot, until entire neighborhoods are engulfed.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: That's what happened during Harvey, where the water rose as high as 12 feet in some places. But if Houston's flood was less chaotic, it was no less heartbreaking.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: A week after the flood, we visited one of the dams built above the city. Its earthen walls hold back the rain that rolls down the vast Texas prairies on its way to the Gulf, storing it in large natural reservoirs.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: It was a solution the Army Corps of Engineers came up with almost a century ago to slow the water. But during Harvey, it wasn't enough. The floodwaters were still rushing through the gates of the dam.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: When we arrived to talk to Richard Long, who oversaw the dams for the Army Corps, and he told us of a harrowing choice he and his colleagues had to make.
--:-- Richard Long: As the reservoirs filled up, they had to decide whether to follow the dam's protocol and release the water into Houston, or hold it and potentially watch the dams fail.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: He released the water. You've got to realize that some of these people are my friends and neighbors that I've known for years. So this has been tough. But we did what we had to do.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: But he said he was confident Houston would find a solution in the years ahead so this would never happen again. We're going to put it back together again. We're going to build the city back better and stronger than before, and we'll be back in business before you know it.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: That's not exactly what happened.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: On a recent rainy day, we return to the dams above Houston. A horn signals a controlled release of water.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We are here every day, and we ride this whole dam. We look for any imperfections.
--:-- Jerry Meese: I'm Jerry Meese, the Army Corps lead ranger here now. I'm just come by to check on the flow of water and stops to talk to us.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: He says in the years since Harvey, they've shored up the dam's earth and walls, and they've rebuilt the outflows.
--:-- Jerry Meese: But the problem Richard Long faced back then hasn't changed. If there's too much water, some of it has to be released.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We do have a protocol to where we have to release. If we don't release at a certain point, the last thing we want is the water to go over the top of the dam, because it'll erode very quickly, and that's where you can have a catastrophic wall of water.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: For nearly a century, Houston and Harris County have tried to control water with enormous infrastructure projects like these dams. They've built storage basins the size of small lakes, carved out channels to move water to the Gulf. And in the last few years, the county has spent millions on smaller projects to keep neighborhoods dry.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Tina Peterson is in charge of flood control for the county. I asked her if all these efforts would be enough to protect against the next Harvey.
--:-- Tina Peterson: Well, we don't use Harvey as a metric. Harvey was a one-time example. You think it was a one-time example? Well, that's based on the data we have. Meaning it won't happen again? No I mean it statistically an infrequent event But not a never event Well yeah
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: So when you do these projects do you take into account the fact that it happened once and it might happen again?
--:-- Tina Peterson: Certainly we are concerned about Harvey. Certainly we are concerned about storms of those magnitudes, but the storms that affect people frequently are those smaller storms.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: As those smaller storms have gotten bigger. So has Houston.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: One of the hardest things for us is finding solutions where we know that development has happened. That development didn't just happen.
--:-- Charles Irvine: Charles Irvine is a lawyer who's been researching the dams and their reservoirs as part of litigation on behalf of residents whose homes flooded during Harvey.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: He says when the Army Corps first built the dams, they didn't buy enough land in the natural basin of the reservoirs, leaving much of it in private hands.
--:-- Charles Irvine: In the years since, Harris and another neighboring county allowed developers to purchase large tracts. When the reservoirs were built, most of those were ranches and rice fields. But then as Houston grew westwards, the ranches were sold off, developers moved in, they were subdivided.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: And now if you go out there, those just look like everyday American subdivisions. There are now more than 20,000 homes built inside the natural reservoirs, areas designed to flood during a severe storm.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: When 20,000 people were buying homes inside a reservoir... They had no idea. They didn't know.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: No. These days, much of Houston looks exactly as it did before Harvey. Neighborhoods I rode a boat through are bustling again, full of rebuilt homes and shops.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Residents are counting on the flood control projects to keep them dry. But it's not clear if the results will be enough.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Phil Bedian is a civil engineer who studies flood models at Rice University, and he brought us to one of the county's most recent undertakings.
--:-- Phil Bedian: So what you're looking at here is Bray's Bayou. It drains all the way down to the Houston Ship Channel.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Now, don't picture a natural meandering bayou. What he's pointing to is an enormous man-made concrete canal full of water.
--:-- Phil Bedian: It was recently upgraded, mostly since Harvey, at a cost of $480 million. to make it wider and lessen the flooding in nearby neighborhoods.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: So you can see where it's flat here. They widened this all the way out 30 miles.
--:-- Phil Bedian: So how much did it lower the water?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: According to my calculations, it lowered it in the range of a foot or so.
--:-- Phil Bedian: A foot? That's it.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: But Harvey flooded this neighborhood with four to six feet of water.
--:-- Phil Bedian: Yes, it did.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Is this what we're doing now? Saving a foot?
--:-- Phil Bedian: I think they just had no choice but to move forward. They had the money. It had been approved.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Remember, these are Army Corps of Engineers projects that take decades to come to fruition.
--:-- Phil Bedian: Do we have decades? I'm not sure we do. I'm not sure we do.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: When we come back, Now North Carolina has to decide how it's going to rebuild. Stay with us.
--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
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--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We're back with the Sunday story. We just heard how Houston is trying to engineer its way out of flood danger, but keeps running into problems. Now we're headed back to North Carolina, where the question is, should homes be built to withstand floods?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: As we returned to western North Carolina in the months after Helene, we found rebuilding was already getting complicated. Communities were struggling. More than 12,000 people were still displaced. Unemployment was high.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Some people, like Frances Buckner, who was trying to rebuild on her family's property, were confused about where to start.
--:-- Frances Buckner: We haven't had no one stop by or help or anything.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Morgan Clark was trying to replace a workshop that the river washed away, but a county inspector told her she wasn't allowed to.
--:-- Morgan Clark: It was there before the flood. We're just building it back. And he was like, well, the flood took it. So who says that to someone that just lost almost everything?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Homeowner Carla Gay was struggling with how she was going to pay for it all.
--:-- Carla Gay: Even if we found out that the funding was approved in the next, say tomorrow, they said, yay, the funding's here. It may be years until the action actually happens.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: After a disaster, even with FEMA, there's no magic check that comes in the mail for homeowners to rebuild. Money can trickle down from Congress through federal and state programs, but usually with rules attached.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Often individual homeowners have to turn to government loans or rely on volunteer groups to rebuild.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Down in Asheville's historic Biltmore Village, Kit Kramer, the head of the local chamber of commerce, told us the need to reopen has been intense, even if that means rebuilding exactly the same in a place that repeatedly floods.
--:-- Kit Kramer: Right now, we need the jobs. We need visitors. We need customers. So you're thinking, let's get the businesses open. Right. And let's worry about the resiliency a little bit later. As we're working on things.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: How people rebuild after a flood has always been fraught. Telling people in devastated situations to elevate their properties or waterproof their walls often doesn't go over well, even if it might save them from another flood down the road.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Decades ago, the federal government did weigh in on this debate through its National Flood Insurance Program run by FEMA. It gives storm victims in flood-prone areas cash. But if they rebuild their substantially damaged homes they often have to do so differently usually by elevating them
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Except in the months we spend in western North Carolina we rarely came across anyone who was part of this program
--:-- Laura Sullivan: A data scientist in New York City named Jeremy Porter found the same thing. He works at a company called First Street that studies the places or zones where FEMA requires anyone with a federally backed mortgage to join the program.
--:-- Jeremy Porter: They looked at the area hit by Helene. Ultimately, we found that only about 2% of the properties that were impacted actually were in a FEMA zone.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: 2% of the properties that were flooded were in the FEMA zone. Right. And 98% of the properties were not.
--:-- Jeremy Porter: The models just aren't developed to pick up heavy precipitation events. Since FEMA doesn't map precipitation, and Helene's damage came from rainfall, most people weren't in the program.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: So not only were most people out of luck when it came to insurance money, the vast majority of people in these risky areas had never been required to build in a way that could have helped them withstand Helene.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Lots of communities have this problem. First Street found millions of Americans live in dangerous flood-prone areas that have not been required to build for a flood and may not even know that they're at risk.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Surprising in the sense that everybody's talking about it. Everybody knows it's an issue. FEMA knows it's an issue. The politicians definitely know it's an issue. But we don't see it in any sort of formal way being brought forward as a possible change to the way in which we create our flood map.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: Outside these FEMA flood zones, there are few federal requirements. So when a disaster hits, it falls to state and local communities to make decisions on how to rebuild.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: All right, we're coming in here. This is your office? This is my office. We went to talk to Asheville's mayor, Esther Mannheimer, from her office in a historic Art Deco building downtown.
--:-- Esther Mannheimer: I know the limitations of what the government can require folks to do, but we can incentivize. If the city wanted to tell people, look, we want you to build to a higher standard, could you do that?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: What we can do is we can provide them with an advisory regarding what height to build to given this flood event.
--:-- Esther Mannheimer: So you can't tell them to do it, but you can ask nicely. We can only enforce the building code. We can't make you exceed the state building code.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: The state building code. Well, FEMA calls North Carolina's building code outdated and says that with some of its requirements, it, quote, weakened hurricane resistance and weakened flood resistance.
--:-- Esther Mannheimer: FEMA now rates North Carolina a zero out of 100 for its hazard resistance.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Mannheimer worries homeowners will be just as vulnerable when the next storm rolls in. If we could get everyone to adhere to current code requirements or even strengthened code requirements to try to prevent this sort of effect of a disaster on a community, we could lessen the overall disruption to a community, the hit on the economy, on the lives of the people, and we would rebound from it quicker.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: But I think individual property owners would say, well, why do I have to bear the burden of that?
--:-- Esther Mannheimer: Manheimer says it's been difficult. Isn't this the fundamental question that we ask in America all the time, which is, do we do something for the greater good at a cost to individuals, or do we lift up those individuals at a cost to the greater good?
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Chuck Edwards now represents a western part of the state in Congress, but for years he's served in the North Carolina state legislature. He's with the individuals.
--:-- Chuck Edwards: What's difficult is the premise that our government would tell a property owner what they can and they can't do on their own property.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Edwards says the state's codes already ensure what he calls safe homes that will last for generations. And he says he's worried that government regulations are keeping people from rebuilding quickly.
--:-- Chuck Edwards: There are reasonable regulations that we should consider out there, but number one, I think we need to consider the rights of the people that own the property.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Still, decisions property owners make don't always stay on their own property. During Helene, homeowners described shoring up their own homes only to have them smashed by someone else's that came off its foundation.
--:-- Chuck Edwards: And what about people like Nora and Robert Ramsor, the missing couple by the river? They were renters, and like most renters, would have had little knowledge or say in how or where their trailer was built.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Edwards says you can't build based on fear. The primary thing that has to be considered is the likelihood in a particular area that it would experience a storm like that ever again.
--:-- Chuck Edwards: Everything is a risk. There is no guarantee. But property owners should be able to make up their own mind, how they want to rebuild.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: We've heard that before back in Houston. Why change the rules and rebuild for a storm that may never happen again?
--:-- Laura Sullivan: In our next episode, we go to two states that did plan for the next storm. After Superstorm Sandy, New York and New Jersey felt like they had the best ideas, the best plans, programs that would make everyone safer. But when we got there recently, we heard a very different story.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: Oh, they lied to us. All those great ideas don't always pan out. What's the plan here? There is no plan. People like to think there's a plan.
--:-- Laura Sullivan: And back in North Carolina, we found industry insiders who tell us when developers say their focus is on building safe and affordable homes. It's bulls**t. Plain and simple.
--:-- Aisha Roscoe: On the next part of our story, how politics and profits shape how we rebuild.
--:-- [Sound of a gentle breeze]
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