--:-- Nick Miles: This is the Global News Podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Nick Miles.
--:-- Nick Miles: At 13 Hours GMT on Monday the 14th of July, these are our main stories. A U-turn from Donald Trump over critical air defence systems for Ukraine. Meanwhile, his envoys in Kiev ahead of what the president said would be a major statement on Russia.
--:-- Nick Miles: The world's largest cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, is trading at more than $120,000 for the first time. Also in this podcast, we look at so-called baby farms in Nigeria and...
--:-- Nick Miles: These new so-called friends are often not questioned by kids, so they're looking at these as a dominant authority. The pros and cons of young people using chatbots as trusted friends.
--:-- Nick Miles: We start this edition in Ukraine, where President Zelensky and the US envoy Keith Kellogg have met in Kiev. Pictures show the two men shaking hands across a table with beaming smiles.
--:-- Donald Trump: I haven't agreed on the number yet, but they're going to have some because they do need protection. But the European Union is paying for it. We're not paying anything for it, but we will send it. It'll be business for us and we will send them patriots, which they desperately need, because Putin really surprised a lot of people. He talks nice and then he bombs everybody in the evening. So there's a little bit of a problem there. I don't like it.
--:-- Ina Sofsyn: Without Patriot air defence systems and the missiles that come with them, it's close to impossible to defend the airspace of Ukraine altogether. So it's really a matter of life and death. There is no alternative to US air defence. There is no alternative to patriots.
--:-- Will Vernon: These patriot missiles are desperately needed. Russia has stepped up attacks significantly in recent weeks. The death toll has gone up a lot. And, you know, this is affecting the will and the morale of the Ukrainian people.
--:-- Will Vernon: I was in Ukraine a couple of weeks ago talking to residents of Kiev. It's not only the death and destruction brought by these attacks, but people just desperately need to sleep, right? They're absolutely exhausted by this war. Every time there's an attack, they're then spending hours checking up on friends and relatives.
--:-- Will Vernon: So these Patriot missiles, they really are kind of the top tier in air defences. They're very effective against ballistic missiles. But of course, the main problem for Ukraine at the moment is drones, and they're less effective against those. So Ukraine needs other equipment as well to help it, you know, repel these drone attacks. So more equipment.
--:-- Will Vernon: We're also expecting when we hear from President Trump a little bit later on, possible news on sanctions, what might be on the table there?
--:-- Will Vernon: Yeah, the main thing is we don't know if and when this announcement will come. Trump himself said there was going to be a major announcement on Monday. But, you know, perhaps we've already seen it. He's due to meet the NATO Secretary General Mark Rutger a little bit later on. Perhaps there could be another announcement then.
--:-- Will Vernon: If there is an announcement, I think possibly there could be new weapons pledged, even offensive weapons that can then strike targets, military targets deep inside Russia, although Mr. Trump hasn't been very keen on that kind of thing in the past.
--:-- Will Vernon: But the second thing to watch out for is sanctions. There is a bill going through Congress that's being kind of shepherded by Senator Lindsey Graham that could give the president the ability to apply 500% trade tariffs on any country doing business with Russia.
--:-- Will Vernon: So that would be quite a kind of sharp stick in America's toolbox if it does come to that. But we'll have to wait and see if there's an announcement you never really know, do you, with Donald Trump.
--:-- Will Vernon: Indeed. Now, Will, you're a former Russia producer and correspondent there in Moscow. You've been watching reaction to this. How has Moscow been reacting and how is it likely to react when we hear more information from Donald Trump?
--:-- Will Vernon: Well, we've already heard from the Kremlin spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, who kind of dismissed this announcement by Donald Trump. I think there'll be another kind of almighty shrug in Moscow about all this, because no matter what the West promises, Russia's military campaign continues.
--:-- Will Vernon: They have the upper hand on the battlefield. They are advancing. Does a new sanctions bill worry them? Frankly, no, I don't think it does at all. Russia is already the most sanctioned country in the world.
--:-- Will Vernon: The economy is relatively resilient. They have come up with all kinds of tactics and methods to avoid or evade these sanctions. And in Russia, they think that the West in general and President Trump in particular has a short memory, has a short attention span.
--:-- Will Vernon: They think governments come and go, but Russia is in it for the long term. But I think, you know, all parties involved in this, Ukraine, Russia, the European Union, many in the Trump administration itself, just can't predict what Trump is going to do next.
--:-- Nick Miles: EU trade ministers are gathering in Brussels to discuss their response to Donald Trump's threat to impose 30% tariffs on their imports from the 1st of August.
--:-- Nick Miles: It comes after Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, announced that the EU's retaliatory tariffs on US exports will be delayed until August. They were due to come into effect on Tuesday in response to American import taxes on steel and aluminium.
--:-- Nick Miles: The EU's trade commission Maros Sefcovic says he's working on an agreement. I intend to speak with my US counterparts again, as I cannot imagine walking away without genuine effort.
--:-- Sofia Betica: Trade ministers are currently discussing how to respond to Donald Trump and how strong a line they should take with Washington.
--:-- Sofia Betica: Now, Brussels wants to avoid a trade war. But there is worry. We heard from the European Commissioner for Trade, and he said that he regrets Donald Trump's announcement and that 30% tariffs would be prohibitive to mutual trade.
--:-- Sofia Betica: I also, you know, there is anger here in Brussels too, because European officials were blindsided by Trump's announcement at the weekend.
--:-- Sofia Betica: We heard from the European Parliament chair of the Trade Committee and he said that Trump announcement was a slap in the face especially because both sides had been negotiating nonstop for weeks.
--:-- Sofia Betica: Now there are some countries that are urging Brussels to be tougher on Washington and to impose countermeasures. Both Germany and France said that if negotiations fail, that's what needs to happen next.
--:-- Sofia Betica: We heard this morning from the Danish foreign minister, and he said if you want peace, you have to prepare for war. He thinks that's where the EU is now. They should not impose countermeasures yet, but they need to be ready.
--:-- Nick Miles: Donald Trump's tariff policies have seen the world's stock markets fluctuate wildly in recent months. But throughout it all, the value of Bitcoin's trajectory has been relentlessly upwards.
--:-- Nick Miles: The world's largest cryptocurrency has now set a new record, trading at more than $120,000 for the first time. It comes as US lawmakers debate a number of bills aimed at regulating the cryptocurrency sector.
--:-- Nick Miles: Our business reporter Katie Silva told me to what extent Bitcoin's rise is down to Donald Trump's actions during his second term as president.
--:-- Katie Silva: I think pretty significantly, both in terms of how bullish he's been when it comes to cryptocurrencies. He's called himself the crypto president. But also, I guess, in terms of different moves he's made when it comes to his big, beautiful bill and tariffs that might be seen as stimulating the economy and therefore also pushing up the price of these cryptos.
--:-- Katie Silva: To give you an idea, we've seen it climbing about two and a half percent to hit these new highs. Currently, it's about $122,000. That's a rise of more than 10 percent in the last week.
--:-- Katie Silva: As I say, we've heard him call himself the crypto president. He's promised to make Bitcoin the superpower of the world. and even, of course, pledging when he was running for his election campaign last year to create a Bitcoin sovereign reserve that would be owned by the US government.
--:-- Katie Silva: Now, he was asked as well about why he had this U-turn. He used to be very anti-crypto and he said that it was actually because he used to not be able to understand what it was about. But now that he understands it, he is very in favour.
--:-- Katie Silva: This is being dubbed Crypto Week in Washington. Tell us more about what the House of Representatives is going to be doing and the impact that could have.
--:-- Katie Silva: So there's three main acts they'll debate. The Genius Act, the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act, certainly a mouthful, that one, and the Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act.
--:-- Katie Silva: Now, the Genius Act has already been approved by the Senate. It enables private companies to issue what are known as stable coins. If this does take place, that's likely to drive up demand for short-term US government debt. So that would benefit the Trump administration, benefit the White House in balancing their books.
--:-- Katie Silva: The others are about, for example, prohibiting the Federal Reserve from issuing a central bank digital currency. And also, as I say, establishing this regulatory framework for digital assets to quote the regulators to establish clear lines. And that, I guess, as I say, might help to boost investment.
--:-- Katie Silva: Now, Donald Trump and members of his family have their own crypto coin brands. Is there a concern in America about a presidential conflict of interest here, do you think?
--:-- Katie Silva: There definitely has been concern, Ray. So the Trump meme coin, as it was called, it launched just the day before he came into the office. The Melania coin launched just 48 hours later.
--:-- Katie Silva: Now, according to an investigation earlier this year by the Financial Times, they found that that project netted about $350 million for the Trump family through sales of tokens and fees.
--:-- Nick Miles: Now, imagine a version of your best friend, but they're on hand for advice 24-7, they don't disagree with you and they never ask for anything in return. The downside? Their artificial intelligence.
--:-- Nick Miles: Well, according to a new report, that's a situation that children in the UK are increasingly finding themselves in as they turn to bots like ChatGPT for advice.
--:-- Nick Miles: The BBC's Will Chalk has more.
--:-- Will Chalk: You'd be forgiven for thinking this warning about the dangers of letting your child befriend a robot had come from a horror movie.
--:-- Will Chalk: These new so-called friends are often not questioned by kids, so they're looking at these as a dominant authority. It's actually Caitlin Rege, digital humanities expert at University College London, talking about children treating chat GPT as a friend.
--:-- Caitlin Rege: I was in a research school with a bunch of 16-year-old girls and a girl said to me, I now use ChatGPT to compose text to my friends because I've lost confidence.
--:-- Will Chalk: Almost a quarter of the thousand children campaign group Internet Matters spoke to admitted using chatbots for advice, with vulnerable people more likely to go further and admit using them to simulate friendship.
--:-- Will Chalk: The BBC asked young people at a music festival in the UK earlier this year whether they'd ever done it.
--:-- Will Chalk: I have when I've been a bit down, yeah, which is a bit shameful in a way. You have to take a bit of a piece of salt because it's just a robot. But a bit of something can be helpful.
--:-- Will Chalk: But fire up ChatGPT and come up with a random prompt, and it is quite easy to see what the attraction is. If you type in, I'm feeling low on self-confidence right now, what are some things I can do to feel better?
--:-- Will Chalk: It gives you this. I'm really sorry you're feeling this way. It's something most people go through at times, but that doesn't make it any easier. It then lists advice, including doing one small task, for example, making your bed or tidying up somewhere, and naming three wins from the past week.
--:-- Will Chalk: And if that's solid advice, what's the risk? Professor Paul Farrand is clinical scientific director at Iona Mind, a company that provides AI-driven CBT on an app for depression and anxiety.
--:-- Paul Farrand: I think separation is needed and companies and AI developers need to ensure there's that separation. But it is possible.
--:-- Will Chalk: This report highlights how children using AI chatbots like this is leading them to be exposed to harmful content because the bots weren't designed with children's therapy in mind.
--:-- Will Chalk: Internet now thinks the industry, the government, schools and parents need to work together to educate children. But if young people have grown up with a certain tool available to them, it might not be easy to convince them to stop using it.
--:-- Will Chalk: Well here, for what it's worth, is ChatGPT's advice. Getting young people to use less AI isn't about banning or shaming its use, which usually backfires, but about rebalancing their relationship with it.
--:-- Nick Miles: Still to come on this podcast. In his first issue, he is not billed as the Man of Steel or the Man of Tomorrow. He's actually billed as the Champion of the Oppressed. In the light of a new movie, we take a look at the history of Superman. We'll be right back.
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--:-- Nick Miles: According to a nationwide survey conducted by GeneSight, nearly 9 in 10 Americans who've been diagnosed with depression or anxiety believe that mental health medications are somewhat or very effective. However, despite that belief, more than half of those individuals say they have avoided taking medication due to concerns about potential side effects.
--:-- Nick Miles: That's why Dr. Whitney Brown, a family and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner based in Alabama, often recommends genetic testing to our patients as part of their treatment journey.
--:-- Dr. Whitney Brown: As part of my treatment plan, I offer the GeneSight Test, which analyzes how a patient's genes may influence how they metabolize or respond to certain mental health medications. It gives me insights and takes out some of the guesswork that can be associated with prescribing them.
--:-- Nick Miles: If you or someone you love is facing challenges with depression or anxiety, Talk to your doctor about how genetic testing may help. To learn more, visit genesight.com.
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--:-- Nick Miles: Now to the murky and unsettling issue of alleged child trafficking and so-called baby farms. A court in the UK has ruled that a baby who was allegedly trafficked here from Nigeria will now be adopted in the UK.
--:-- Nick Miles: The court heard the woman who brought the child into Britain repeatedly claim that she was the child's biological mother. DNA tests and physical examination showed that she wasn't.
--:-- Sancho Berg: We know nothing really about the origins of this child other than that she came from Nigeria, from Lagos, but we don't know where she was born and who to.
--:-- Sancho Berg: The mother who falsely claimed her as her child, who brought her to the UK wouldn't explain to the family court how she had got her, if you like. And the family court did ask a forensic expert to have a look at the woman's mobile phone where they found a text message exchange with someone whose number had been saved as mum oft Lagos baby.
--:-- Sancho Berg: So there did seem to have been some communication, communication but as I say the woman who said she was the baby's mother she absolutely refused to say any more about it and I think it's worth pointing out as you said that this is the second case that we've reported in the last few months of a baby brought unlawfully from Nigeria whose case ended up in the family court.
--:-- Sancho Berg: But the expert social worker who gave evidence to this court hearing told us that she had dealt with several other cases just in the last few years and if you have a look at the saved family court judgments of the past you can see that 10 12 years ago there were more cases like this so there may be quite a few more babies who are brought unlawfully to the UK.
--:-- Sancho Berg: And whilst as you said we didn't learn anything from the court from the baby's alleged mother about where this child came from there's a possibility that she was the product of a so-called baby farm.
--:-- Sancho Berg: What are these? The expert social witness who's based in Nigeria and as I say has investigated other cases told the court and she told us as well about the phenomenon of baby farming and she said there were two dimensions to it really first there were pregnant girls who didn't want to keep their babies who would go to a so-called mother and baby home and then they would be paid for their baby but there was also a much more sinister version of this which will be familiar to listeners around the world because our colleagues on Africa I I know have investigated this before which is the baby farm where young girls are kidnapped they're raped the children they bear are taken from them and sold and while the nigerian authorities do act against this and they do close them down, they spring up again in other parts of the country.
--:-- Nick Miles: Mexico and the United States are entwined in many different ways, in the flow of goods, people and water. Under a treaty signed over 80 years ago, Mexico has been sending vast amounts of the stuff across the border into Texas.
--:-- Nick Miles: In return, the United States has piped even larger amounts of water back south across the border. But with much of northern Mexico in the grip of a severe drought, the future of that historic water-sharing agreement looks in jeopardy.
--:-- Nick Miles: Our correspondent Will Grant reports from the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua.
--:-- Will Grant: After 30 consecutive months without rain, the townsfolk of San Francisco de Conchos gather to plead for divine intervention.
--:-- Will Grant: On the shores of Lake Toronto, the reservoir behind Chihuahua State's most important dam, or La Boquilla, farmers on horseback and their families pray for a very wet, rainy season.
--:-- Will Grant: So far, they've had no sign of one. From its high watermark, the lake has lost 26.5 metres of depth. It's now at less than 14% of its capacity.
--:-- Will Grant: In the congregation is Rafael Betance, who has monitored La Boquilla for the State Water Authority for 35 years.
--:-- Will Grant: Few know the lake's fluctuations as well as Mr. Betance, and as we head out on the reservoir for a closer look, he says he's never seen the situation get this dire.
--:-- Will Grant: It's impossible. We are not able to water crops. You can see that the dam lies idle. There's no hydroelectric power being generated, and we can't use any water for agriculture.
--:-- Will Grant: Despite the meagre supply in Chihuahua, Mexico must abide by the terms of a 1944 water-sharing treaty with the United States.
--:-- Will Grant: Under the agreement, Mexico must send some 430 million cubic metres of water per year from the Rio Grande to Texas.
--:-- Will Grant: In return, the US sends its own much larger allocation from the Colorado River to supply the Mexican border cities of Tijuana and Mexicali.
--:-- Will Grant: Mexico is in arrears and has been for much of the 21st century.
--:-- Will Grant: In April, on his Truth Social site, President Trump accused Mexico of stealing the water and threatened tariffs and maybe sanctions unless Mexico sends Texas what it owns.
--:-- Will Grant: The thing is, the complaints from Texas are valid, but people here on the Mexican side say you simply can't take from what isn't there.
--:-- Will Grant: People in these communities feel trapped by the terms of what they consider to be an outdated agreement, which doesn't account for the ravages of climate change.
--:-- Will Grant: The cross-border arguments go beyond just water scarcity. They're also about agricultural methods and efficiency.
--:-- Will Grant: Walnut trees need on average 250 litres a day. Traditionally, Mexican farmers simply flood their fields with water from the irrigation channel.
--:-- Will Grant: Jaime Ramirez a walnut farmer and the former mayor of San Francisco de Conchos shows me how his modern sprinkler system ensures his trees are properly watered all year round without wasting the precious resource.
--:-- Will Grant: With the sprinklers we use around 60% less than flooding the fields, he says, but admits that many of his neighbours are less conscientious.
--:-- Will Grant: As bad as the crippling drought has been for farming, the problems extend even further.
--:-- Will Grant: The reservoir's critically low level means the little water in it is overheating, killing the lake's marine life and with it a once thriving tourism industry.
--:-- Will Grant: In the face of such a litany of problems, the community around the Rio Conchos can do little besides bow their heads and pray the rain falls sometime soon.
--:-- Nick Miles: Since Islamist rebel forces overthrew Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in December, they've repeatedly struggled to keep the country's various religious minority communities from erupting into violence.
--:-- Nick Miles: The latest clashes between the Sunni Bedouin tribal fighters and Druze militias on Sunday are thought to have left at least 50 people dead.
--:-- Nick Miles: So what hope does the country have for stability? Our Middle East correspondent, Hugo Boshega, talked us through the background to this weekend's violence.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: This is happening in Sueda, which is a mainly Jews city in southern Syria, and Bedouin tribes and the Jews community have long-running disputes in this area.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: There have been clashes in the past, but this has been a particularly deadly cycle of violence, which is again raising concerns about the situation in this particular part of Syria.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: It all started on Friday. It seems that the trigger here was when a local militia stole and then abducted a Druze seller.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: And that led to a wave of tit-for-tat attacks, a wave of kidnappings. It seems that the situation has de-escalated a little bit. Many of those people who were abducted have now been freed.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: But again, it shows how delicate, how sensitive the security situation is, particularly in this part of Syria.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: Yeah, I mean, there have been conflict between the new government troops and the Druze as well, because they don't trust the new authorities to look after their interests.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: Yeah, the Druze have their own militias, and many of these different factions disagree over whether they should integrate with the new government, the new armed forces.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: They have very strong suspicions about the government's intentions in Syria. And I think, again, this shows how fractured the country is with a number of different groups, armed groups as well.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: And I think, you know, these violent attacks that we've seen since the fall of President Bashar al-Assad back in December are proof of the difficulties that, you know, the new leadership have in Damascus.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: Because, again, minority groups in particular remain very skeptical about the intentions of this new Islamist-led government. Despite a number of pledges, despite the speeches of the new leadership, including the president, Ahmed Al-Shara.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: But also, I think, you know, these incidents are proof of how extremely difficult it's been for the government in Damascus to exert its authority across the country.
--:-- Hugo Boshega: The government doesn't have control of the entire country. And I think this is one of the reasons why you see these kinds of attacks.
--:-- Nick Miles: The new Superman movie has just hit cinemas around the world to mixed reviews, but it has already raked in more than $200 million at the box office.
--:-- Nick Miles: The James Gunn film has proved to be like kryptonite for some on the right of the political spectrum. In a pre-release interview, the director had said he saw the story as that of an immigrant whose mission was to spread human kindness.
--:-- Nick Miles: What utter woke nonsense, said some commentators. But what of Superman's origin story as a refugee alien from another planet? A story going back to his first appearance in a comic strip back in 1938.
--:-- Nick Miles: Paul S. Hirsch is an expert on early comics at the University of Texas in Austin.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Early Superman was certainly very different than the way he's more popularly imagined.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: In his first issue, he is not billed as the Man of Steel or the Man of Tomorrow. He's actually billed as the Champion of the Oppressed.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: That's the tone that early Superman comics take. In that very first issue, he stops a woman from being unjustly executed. Soon after that, he attacks a domestic abuser and beats him pretty severely.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: And then the issue ends with him investigating corruption in Congress. And he kidnaps a crooked lobbyist. And he says to the lobbyists, unless you do what I tell you, I swear I'll follow you to whatever hole you hide in and tear out your cruel heart with my bare hands.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Early Superman is not corny. He's very earnest. He's quite violent. He kills people. And he's very clearly fighting for the average person.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: And he's trying to defend them not against cosmic supervillains, but against very personal, very human bad people. And the violence he inflicts on those bad people is very intimate.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: You know, he's not flying backwards to reverse time. He's not throwing buildings at superpowered bad guys. He's grabbing domestic abusers by the shirt and shaking them until they plead for mercy.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Am I right in saying that you sort of, you described him as a violent socialist, is that right?
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Sure, but that was a more off-the-cuff comment. I mean, the way I look at Superman is that he's a product of a really remarkable medium, which is the early American comic book, which was subject to no censorship.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: It was wildly different than Hollywood. He was wildly popular from the outset. They sold a billion copies a year from the 40s through the mid-50s.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: And I think the focus was on Superman as someone who was trying to right very human wrongs in the middle of the Great Depression.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: It's not until World War II when comic books are called on to be patriotic and to contribute to the war effort that Superman shifts into what we think of now as a kind of hyper-patriotic, very, very earnest do-gooder.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: And did this also have something to do with the men, the Jewish men, who were behind this?
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Well, as I was saying, the comic books at that time were a fairly unfiltered representation of what their publishers and creators wanted them to be.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: Both of his creators were Jewish. They worked for publishers at National Comics, what we now call DC, many of whom were either immigrants, the children of immigrants and or Jewish.
--:-- Paul S. Hirsch: I don't think there's any way that their experiences didn't bleed into their creation and shaping of the character.
--:-- Nick Miles: And that's all from us for now, but there will be a new edition of the Global News Podcast later.
--:-- Nick Miles: If you want to comment on this podcast or the topics covered in it, you can send us an email. The address is globalpodcast at bbc.co.uk.
--:-- Nick Miles: You can also find us on X at BBC World Service. Use the hashtag Global News Pot.
--:-- Nick Miles: This edition was mixed by Rosenwin Dorrell and the producers were Terry Egan and Charles Sanctuary.
--:-- Nick Miles: The editor is Karen Martin. I'm Nick Miles. And until next time, goodbye.
--:-- Nick Miles: America is changing. And so is the world. But what's happening in America isn't just a cause of global upheaval. It's also a symptom of disruption that's happening everywhere.
--:-- Nick Miles: I'm Asma Khalid in Washington, D.C. I'm Tristan Redman in London. And this is The Global Story.
--:-- Nick Miles: Every weekday, we'll bring you a story from this intersection, where the world and America meet.
--:-- Nick Miles: Listen on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts.
