--:-- Sean Rameswaram: American aviation has been having a tough year. The crashes. An American Airlines flight with 64 people on board colliding midair with a Blackhawk military helicopter. The urgent search underway after a deadly crash, a plane crash in Alaska. The air traffic controllers. The systems are really old. They should have been updated a long time ago.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The Newark. Radar contact lost. We lost our radar. And as you'll hear on Today Explained, it might get rougher before it gets better. But you're also going to hear about a Canadian comedian who's deadly serious about one particular solution. He thinks pilots would crash less if they were simply better at talking to each other.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The captain has made a decision. The first officer understands it's wrong. But the first officer doesn't feel they have the ability to speak up about it. We're going to ask if he's got a point.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for Today Explained comes from Adio. Adio is an AI-native customer relationship management platform that Adio says is built for the next era of companies. A powerful data structure adapts to your business model, syncs in all your contacts in minutes, and enriches your business with actionable data.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Adio says it also allows you to create those email sequences, those real-time reports, those powerful automations, which they claim can help you build what matters most, your company. You can go to adio.com slash todayexplained to get 15% off your first year.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's A-T-T-I-O dot com slash todayexplained. Support for this show comes from strawberry.me. Be honest. Are you happy with your job? Or are you stuck in one you've outgrown? Or never wanted in the first place?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for Today Explained comes from Upwork. If you run a business, you know that scaling your business requires the right expertise at the right time.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Góðan daginn. We are preparing for takeoff on flight today explained. Þú ert að hlusta á í dag útskilt. My name is Daryl Campbell. I'm an aviation safety writer for The Verge and author of Fatal Abstraction, How the Managerial...
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Fuck shit. I fucked that up. All right, we got it out of the way. I'll do it again. Why the managerial class loses control of software.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Daryl Campbell recently wrote about the problems we've been seeing at Newark Liberty International Airport for The Verge. But his take was that this isn't just a Newark, New Jersey problem. This isn't even just a tri-state area problem. This is systemic.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: So you've probably seen some of the news articles about it. And it's really, again, only in the last couple of months, because everybody's been paying attention to aviation safety, that people are really saying, oh, my gosh, there's the Newark airport. They're losing the ability to see airplanes. They're losing radar for minutes at a time. And that's not something you want to hear when you've got airplanes flying towards each other at 300 miles an hour.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So it is rightfully very concerning. But the thing is, what's been happening at Newark has actually been happening for almost a decade and a half. And it's in sort of fits and starts. It'll get really bad and then it'll get better again.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: But now we're seeing a combination of air traffic control problems. We're seeing a combination of infrastructure problems. And they've got a runway that's entirely shut down. And the way that I think about it is, you know, while Newark is its own special case today, all of the problems that it's facing other than the runway are problems that every single airport in the entire country is going to be facing over the next five to 10 years.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And so we're really getting a preview of what's going to happen if we don't see some drastic change in the way that the air traffic control system is maintained.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Yeah, I mean, we heard about some of these issues after the crash at DCA outside Washington. What exactly is going on with air traffic controllers?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So the first problem is just one of staff retention and training. So on the one hand, the air traffic control system and the people who work there, they're a pretty dedicated bunch, but it just takes a long time to get up to the point where you're actually entrusted with airplanes.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: So it can be up to four years of training from the moment that you decide, OK, I want to be an air traffic controller. So couple that with the fact that these are government employees and like many other agencies, they haven't really gotten the cost of living increases to keep pace with the actual cost of living, especially in places like the New York, New Jersey area, where it's just gone up way faster than in the rest of the country.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So this is bad at Newark, but you say it promises to get bad everywhere else too?
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Yeah, I think the cost of living is still outpacing the replacement level at a lot of these air traffic control centers. And then the washout rate, just of the people who are learning for the first time, is actually pretty high.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: We've seen the average staffing level at a lot of American airports get down below 85%, 80%, which is really where the FAA wants it to be. And it's getting worse over time.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: And then at Newark in particular, it's down to about 58%, I think, as of the first quarter of this year. So this is an emergency level of staffing at a baseline.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And then on top of that, you have, in order to keep the airplanes going, you've got people working mandatory overtime, mandatory six-day-a-week shifts. And that's just accelerating that burnout that naturally happens.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: So there's just a lot of compression and a lot of bad things happening independently, but all at the same time in that kind of labor system that's really making it difficult to both hire and retain qualified air traffic controllers.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: These sound like very fixable problems, Daryl. Are we trying to fix them?
--:-- Daryl Campbell: I know former reality TV star and Fox News correspondent and transportation secretary in this day and age, Sean Duffy, has been out to Newark. What we are going to do when we get the money, we have the plan, we actually have to build a brand new state-of-the-art air traffic control system.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Yeah, and you know, to his credit, they have announced some improvements on it. They've announced a lot of new funding for the FAA. They announced an acceleration of hiring but it just a short fix
--:-- Daryl Campbell: So to put it in context the FAA budget usually allocates about billion in maintenance fees every year. And so they announced a couple more billion dollars but their backlog is already $5.2 billion in maintenance.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And these are things like replacing outdated systems, replacing buildings that are housing some of these radars, things that you really need to just get the system to where it should be operating today, let alone get ahead of the maintenance things that are going to happen over the next couple of years.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: And it's really this fight between the FAA and Congress where everybody's willing to have a photo op to say, yeah, we're going to do a lot today to fix these problems.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It has been nearly one year since the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 was signed into law. I was proud to co-lead that effort in the Senate. I was proud to help get it across the finish line. And we gave the FAA clear marching orders, hire more air traffic controllers, modernize outdated technology, replace systems that are unsafe or unstable.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: And it works for a little while, but then three years down the road, the same problems are really still occurring. You got that one-time shot of new money, but then the government cuts back again and again and again.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And then you're really just kind of putting out one fire, but not addressing sort of the root cause of why there's all this dry powder everywhere. Which leaves people feeling unsafe, obviously.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Yeah. People are canceling their flights into or out of Newark, but there are also all these smaller accidents we're seeing most recently in San Diego.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: This morning, horrific new doorbell video showing the moment a plane clipped power lines and slammed into a San Diego neighborhood, erupting into a fireball.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: The investigation now intensifying. Officials saying all six people on board the Cessna 550 were killed. The pilot did not report any problems to air traffic control, and he did not declare an emergency.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: How should people be feeling about that?
--:-- Daryl Campbell: The last time we spoke, you said the only way to make sure there are no plane crashes is to ground all the planes. So there's really no silver bullet, and all the choices are, let's say, not great to actively bat at baseline.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So number one is you get the government to pay what it actually costs to run the air traffic control system. That empirically has not happened for decades.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: So I don't know that we're going to get to do it, especially under this administration, which is really focused on cutting costs.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The second thing is pass on fees to flyers themselves. So that sort of $1,500 that we charge in the U.S., maybe that gets bumped up to $5,000.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: But then airlines are going to pass that on to the customer. And it's just like the conversation that, you know, Walmart's having with tariffs is that, you know, they don't want to do it. When they try to pass it on to the customer, President Trump yells at them and it's just not a great situation.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The third option is to just reduce the number of flights in the sky.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: I mean, part of this is that airlines are just competing to have the most flights, the most convenient schedules, the most options for your routing. And that's really just led to this log jam at places like Newark, where you really have these constraints on it.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: I mean, right before all of this stuff happens, Newark was serving about 80 airplanes an hour. So 80 landings and takeoffs.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Today, the FAA has actually started to admit restrictions on it. And now it's closer to 56 flights an hour. And that's probably the level that it can actually handle and not have these issues where you've got radars coming out and planes actually becoming in danger.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: But no airline wants to hear, hey, you have to cut your flight schedule. And in fact, we saw that with United, that their CEO was saying that the air traffic controllers who took trauma leave had walked off the job, which seemed to suggest that he didn't think they should be taking trauma leave because you just got to have more planes coming in.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: And yeah, that's a competitive disadvantage for him. But you've also got to balance safety. I mean, you know, it's difficult to understand. It costs a lot of money to fix. This is your textbook, Why Governments Fail case study.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And it's not really reassuring that, you know, in 24 hours, I'm going to be in the middle of it again trying to fly out of Newark.
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Yeah. Oh, man. Well, that's what the schedule says. Let's see what time I actually get out.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Daryl Campbell's flight out of Newark Liberty International Airport was delayed. His book is called... Fatal Abstraction, How the Managerial...
--:-- Daryl Campbell: Shoot, fuck. Why the Managerial Class Loses Control of Software.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And you can read him at TheVerge.com.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Flying for you when we land back on Today Explained. Thank you.
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--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Chime says with qualifying direct deposits, you can be eligible for free overdraft, up to $200 on debit card purchases and cash withdrawals. Plus, they say you don't need to worry about monthly fees or maintenance fees.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You can work on your financial goals through Chime today. You can open an account in two minutes at Chime.com slash explained.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That's chime.com slash explained. Chime feels like progress. Chime is a financial technology company, not a bank. Banking services and debit card provided by the bank or bank NA or Stride Bank NA. Members FDIC.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Spot me eligibility requirements and overdraft limits apply. Timing depends on submission of payment file. Fees apply at out-of-network ATMs. Bank ranking and number of ATMs according to U.S. News and World Report 2023. Chime checking account required.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Why shop at Burlington? Maybe it's the deals that are new each time you drop by. Maybe it's the brand names you'll be shocked Burlington has in store. Or maybe it's the quality of the items, the amazing selection, and the newest trends.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: If you like to save but also like to stay in style, Burlington is your answer. And the question you'll be asking yourself is, why go anywhere else? Burlington. Deals. Brands. Wow.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Support for Today Explained comes from Upwork. If you run a business, you know that scaling your business requires the right expertise at the right time.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: This is Today Explained.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Okay, so first and foremost, the rehearsal is funny in an absurdist humor kind of way. The second season of the show, which just concluded this past Sunday, is all about aviation safety, but in ways you'd never expect.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You'll see Nathan Fielder, the star and creator and director of the show, try to boost a pilot's confidence by having a group of actors follow him around and echo everything he says.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So what do you want to do? That's a good question. I've got the fish tank over there if you want to learn about fish. I can be that nerd.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You'll see Fielder himself transform into the hero pilot, Sully Sullenberger, to better understand how Sully performed the miracle on the Hudson.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Sully announces the decision to attempt a landing in the Hudson River. Okay, let's get the flaps out. Put the flaps out. Flaps out.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You'll see an American Idol-style singing competition judged exclusively by pilots. And the home of the brave. That was great. Unfortunately, you're not moving on.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: But this is also a show where you'll see Nathan Fielder become a fully licensed pilot in order to fly a bunch of people around on a Boeing 737 to understand what that's like.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: This isn't commitment to a bit. Pilot and aviation journalist Jeff Wise says this isn't a bit at all.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Because Nathan Fielder, the actual person, while not making people laugh, his hobby, one of his hobbies, is reading accident reports.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: He got obsessed with this Canadian TV show called Mayday, which looks at all these different crashes throughout history and what caused them.
--:-- Jeff Wise: On a cold day in northern Ontario, a passenger jet is unable to climb above the trees. I thought, oh my God, we're in a crash.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And he noticed a trend, which is a real actual thing, which is that there are failures of pilots and co-pilots to communicate.
--:-- Jeff Wise: It seems as though the communication issues between first officers and captains in regards to assertiveness is possibly the number one contributing factor to commercial airline crashes in history.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And it has not been solved. He believes that this aspect of what's called CRM, crew resource management, in the field needs to be improved.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Training needs to be improved. And that this will help aviation safety.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Crew resource management is the idea that a flight crew is more than the sum of its parts.
--:-- Jeff Wise: This dynamic between captains and first officers is one of maybe the leading cause of commercial airline crashes in history.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It's not the sole cause of the crash, but had someone asserted themselves, the plane might not have gone down.
--:-- Jeff Wise: It's not just a captain doing the captain's job and the first officer doing the first officer's job, but the interaction between them is really important.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And the field really got its wings, as you could say, back in the 70s when there was a, still to this day, the most fatal air accident that ever happened.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Where these two 747s heavily laden with tourists were maneuvering around in the fog at Tenerife Airport in the Canary Islands.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: One was about to take off. The other one had not yet left the runway, but the first one couldn't tell because it was so foggy.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And the first officer, as they're about to take off, the first officer says, I don't think the runway is clear.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And the captain's like, yeah, we're good. And they take off and they hit the other plane.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And hundreds and hundreds of people died.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And so it was realized, well, the problem is that somebody on the flight deck understood that there was a potentially major problem.
--:-- Jeff Wise: But they weren't able to communicate it to the person who was in the controls of the aircraft at that time.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So you had a lot of people talking about this thing.
--:-- Jeff Wise: People in the industry started really taking it more seriously.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Now CRM is mandated as part of the training.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And Nathan talks about it in the show. He feels that it's, even though it's mandated, it isn't sufficient.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: They don't really do a very good job. Why don't you say that the training could be improved?
--:-- Jeff Wise: The training could be improved because right now it's terrible.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: No, I wouldn't go that far. There is a void in some training programs.
--:-- Jeff Wise: You said it was bad. It is bad. The outcome is bad. It's bad.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So Nathan's argument is that there's a big difference between being told something in a powerpoint presentation or reading in a book or your teacher telling you about it in a classroom there's a big difference between that and actually doing it in the cockpit right you spoke to a number of pilots aviation experts about this show yeah what did they have to tell you about what Nathan was arguing and the real world implications?
--:-- Jeff Wise: There's a whole field. It's a small field, but it's a field of academic study of this particular subset of CRM where people talk it called safety voice Britain and Europe have different equivalents of the FAA but they both require a significant amount of time spent getting certified in a particular skill called MCC, which stands for multi-crew cooperation.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And the idea is that when you learn how to fly, you're flying alone, and then when you start to become an airline pilot, that you're now in this situation where you have to cooperate.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And as I said, the flight crew is more than the sum of its parts. You have to learn how to deal with this other person and work cooperatively, share the information that you need to share, listen, speak, all that.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And so they have a whole course that's devoted just to that and involves a lot of simulator time.
--:-- Jeff Wise: So they're pretty much doing, you could argue, exactly what Nathan's proposing.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: There was a study that one of these researchers did where they asked, they did a survey of pilots and they asked them, like, how do you feel about improving your communication skills?
--:-- Jeff Wise: And a lot of pilots were like, that sounds like girl stuff.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Wow. Girl stuff is not dying, but I'm consider me a girl.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Although I'm not a very serious pilot myself. I haven't dedicated my life to it the way that a professional pilot has.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: But I do spend a fair bit of time amongst pilots. And I do think that there is a pilot culture.
--:-- Jeff Wise: I think that pilots have a certain kind of character to them. And I think that there's a reason for that. You are doing a life or death thing.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: You have to have your ducks in a row. You have to fundamentally take it seriously or you're not going to be around very long.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And so pilots have a certain kind of no-nonsense attitude.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: But there is something, I think, really smart about recognizing that humility, for instance, I mean, I think humility is an important concept, both for doctors in the surgical suite and for pilots and captains in the cockpit.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Do you think Nathan Fielder, you know, shining a light on this issue on an HBO show that, you know, despite its serious themes is ultimately entertainment, could move the needle in any significant way?
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: In theory, it could. But I think there's a major caveat to that, which is that we do not live in normal times.
--:-- Jeff Wise: There's an old saying, regulations are written in blood.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: One of the major drivers of regulatory change in aviation has been plane crashes, people dying.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And so a lot of the rules that you see in that rulebook are there because at least one person died.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And so if your attitude is, every time you want to put in a new rule, we're going to take 10. Nobody can even believe the numbers.
--:-- Jeff Wise: I promise to eliminate 10 old regulations for every new regulation. Well, that's just opening up the door to more people dying.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Regulations are written in blood.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And Nathan Fielder's very funny, deeply absurd second season of the rehearsal, which is all about aviation safety, comes at a time, debuts in a year where we have seen one of the worst accidents in American aviation history, especially in recent American aviation history.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: The worst probably this century.
--:-- Jeff Wise: So what happened was the helicopter was flying along this very narrow route, required the helicopter to be below 200 feet, which is quite low, and with, you know, hugging the bank of the river.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And the supervising pilot, who was kind of the trainer of the pilot who was actually at the controls, said, you are out of your lane, you're too far away from the bank.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And she was also too high. And we don't know what exactly was going on.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: We don't know if she didn't hear or she heard and chose not to obey or whatever.
--:-- Jeff Wise: But for whatever reason, This is a classic case of cockpit communications failure where somebody knew that there was a problem, somehow was unable to convey that information to the pilot at the controls, and catastrophe resulted.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: So this is exactly, I mean, it's uncanny that this is exactly what he's talking about.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Nathan Fielder made this show last year, maybe the year before that.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It seems like he started training to be a pilot at least two years ago.
--:-- Jeff Wise: It comes out mere months after the exact thing he's trying to fix in this show happens and kills dozens of people over DC airspace.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Yeah. It made the hair on the back of my neck stand up, frankly.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And it was one of the things I wanted to ask him about. How did it feel to him? Because on the one hand, it's horrific. I mean, it's the kind, I mean, one wishes one's predictions to come true, except when they're horrible predictions.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And that's what happened.
--:-- Jeff Wise: And he said, his answer to the question was, he wasn't surprised that he thought it was just a matter of time.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And the timing was really uncanny.
--:-- Jeff Wise: But, you know, this really demonstrates the stakes. This is not merely someone thumping on a tub or using it as an excuse to make a TV show.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: It really, really underlies just how serious this comedy show is at its core.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Jeff Wise has been writing about the second season of the rehearsal for Vulture. You can read and subscribe at Vulture.com.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: Jeff's got a podcast all about the disappearance of that Malaysia Airlines flight back in 2014. It's called Finding MH370.
--:-- Jeff Wise: You can listen where you listen.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: And you can, of course, watch the rehearsal on HBO or Max or HBO Max or whatever it's called this week.
--:-- Jeff Wise: Thank you, Andrew Tangle from The Wall Street Journal for helping with this episode.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: That Devin Schwartz produced, Amin Al-Sadi edited, Laura Bullard fact-checked, and Andrea Christensdottir and Patrick Boyd mixed.
--:-- Jeff Wise: I'm Sean Ramos for him.
--:-- Sean Rameswaram: This is Today Explained.
