--:-- Noel King: This ain't Texas. Ain't no hold'em. Beyonce announced the release of her country album Cowboy Carter to wild excitement. She's the first black woman ever to top the Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart. And of course, rabid nonsense. Everyone from racists. They've got to make their mark just like a dog in a dog walk park. You know, every dog has to mark every tree.
--:-- Noel King: To Azalea Banks. Don't be a bitch, come take it to the floor now. Woo! tried some version of the same critique. Country music is white music. Beyoncé responded, this isn't a country album, it's a Beyoncé album, yes. And also, country music is extremely black. And the story of that is coming up on Today Explained.
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--:-- Noel King: Find your flavor at senoritadrinks.com. Use code VOX20 for 20% off. Must be 21 and over. This product may cause intoxication. This product has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA. This product may contain up to 0.3% THC. You're listening to Today Explained. Your home for country music. Wait, is that right? Yep.
--:-- Noel King: So last week, I went to the Nashville home of songwriter Alice Randall to talk about Cowboy Carter. Alice has been writing and teaching for a long time about country music's very black roots.
--:-- Alice Randall: If her life was a country song, it would go something like this. A sensitive black girl with a barfly dad and a distant mom finds solace in Ray Charles and Charlie Pride, writes her first country song before she's even old enough to read, and at 24, hits the road to Nashville with a folder full of handwritten songs, one of which will go to number one on the country charts.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Phone rings, baby cries, TV diet, Google lines. Good morning, honey. Go to work, make up, try to keep the balance up. Between love and money. X's and O's sung by Tricia Yearwood.
--:-- Alice Randall: Alice then spends 40 years in Nashville waiting for another Black woman to make it in country, an art form that she defines this way. The simplest definition, it requires three things. It has to have Celtic, English, Irish, Scottish, ballot forms, news reporting elements, storytelling. It has to have Black influences, African influences that could be in the instrumentation, instrumentation, say a banjo, can be in other aspects.
--:-- Alice Randall: And it has to have evangelical Christianity. Those things come together and you have country music. Does the story that the song is telling have to be a certain type of story to be country? There are patterns of country narrative and a sort of secular theology of country that I have observed, and this is how that would go.
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--:-- Alice Randall: God is real. Life is hard. Road, whiskey, and family are significant compensations, and the past is better than the present. When I see those four things, I know I may be looking at a country song. And here, Alice's life diverges from a country song because for her, the present just got pretty damn good.
--:-- Alice Randall: In 18 Days, her memoir, My Black Country, comes out right as Beyonce has all the universe interested in country music and asking where Black people fit into it. As it happens, Alice has spent a lot of time trying to find an answer to that.
--:-- Alice Randall: She identifies the birth of both recorded country and Black country as a moment in 1927 when Dee Ford Bailey takes the stage in Nashville. Dee Ford Bailey is, to me, the first superstar of the Grand Ole Opry. And the Grand Ole Opry, for those who don't know it, is the oldest country radio show in America, and it's the most powerful. It's the most significant.
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--:-- Alice Randall: So D. Ford Bailey is one of the people who founds the Opry. One day, they were playing the show, and the announcer said, we've just been listening to Grand Opera. Now we're going to have some Grand Opry, meaning we're coming down home. And the next sound that was heard was Dee Ford Bailey playing Pan American blues on his harmonica.
--:-- Alice Randall: Now, Dee Ford plays harmonica. Some of his songs are called blues, but he describes himself actively as a hillbilly performer. And although he's known for the harmonica playing, he also does sing, plays guitar and banjo. He was a multi-instrumentalist. And I think that's very important.
--:-- Alice Randall: And I think that Fox Chase is one of his first very important songs. D. Ford Bailey, and it'll be his famous Fox Chase. All right, people. Fox Chase is about the difficulty of being pursued and scrutinized. I assure you that was a big problem in Black life in America at that time.
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--:-- Alice Randall: In 1927, racism is still rampant in America. It's alive and well. How does D. Ford Bailey pull this off? Like, why is he allowed in? What's wild about music, we have to always remember, about commercial recorded music, it's the business. He was making them money.
--:-- Alice Randall: And then remember, at first, it's the radio. And so they're not seeing that it is a Black person. And they're not necessarily announcing it. And that may be part of the reason in many of those early recordings, he's not speaking or singing because it might have been more evident to people he was a Black person if he was speaking or singing.
--:-- Alice Randall: Okay. Dee Ford was able to defy evade the structural obstacles created to keep his voice off the radio and to keep him out of the public But he never did have the same opportunities that his white contemporaries had Okay so that 1927 This is 97 years ago now And then where does Black country go from that moment on?
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--:-- Alice Randall: 1930, we're going to get another extraordinary performance. We're going to get Lil Hardin Armstrong performing on Blue Yodel No. 9. Jimmy Rogers is going to be the singer, the frontman But there are three people on that record One is a black woman born in Memphis, Lil Hardin And the other is Louis Armstrong
--:-- Alice Randall: When you listen to Blue Yodel No. 9 Many people think it's a very white song It is considered the most iconic country song and Lil Hardin, her piano is driving the session. Louis is playing on it. And it sounds what people think. It sounds so white. But actually two out of the three geniuses on the record were black. And so this becomes this aesthetic redlining that that was black music.
--:-- Alice Randall: Now, whoever labeled it white and it was marketed as white, but actually the people behind the session and their names were not put on the record, This was repressed, erased information for years. What was the sound that would have led people to be like, ah, we can call this one a white song and nobody will notice?
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--:-- Alice Randall: Often they took the exact same recording and marketed one to a white audience and one to a black audience, sometimes changing the name of the group. So a lot of it is literally marketing and bifurcating the audience thinking they would make more money that way.
--:-- Alice Randall: There's a lot of cultural redlining that is actually separating things that are not intrinsically separate. So fast forward, we're at 1930. We can't get through the 30s and 40s without one of my other great influences on country, Herb Jeffries, the bronze buckaroo.
--:-- Alice Randall: Took my road, went to town with some gal and played around. And she cut my bankroll down, oh, forgot the payday blues. These are black singing cowboy movies. They're financed out of the white world, but this is his concept. And he is starring in them.
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--:-- Alice Randall: And so that's going to be a whole nother influence on country and Black country. In the 1890s, 20 to 30% of all cowboys are going to be Black and brown in America. Cowboys have cowboy songs in cowboy camps. And in these cowboy camps, singing was an extremely important part of the culture.
--:-- Alice Randall: So we get in Herb Jeffries in the 30s and 40s. some of this wisdom, this collected wisdom from the black cowboy camps. After the Browns Buckle Row in the 1940s, I want to jump forward until the late 60s and the early 70s and hit Charlie Pryde.
--:-- Alice Randall: Charlie Pryde is going to come out of the Negro League's baseball. He's going to rise. By 1971, he's going to be Entertainer of the Year country. Whenever I chance to meet Some old friends on the street They wonder how does a man get to be this way
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--:-- Alice Randall: He is going to come out as black in the 60s in Detroit City. Wait, what do you mean come out as black? When they released the early Charlie Pye records. Oh, people didn't know. My oldest sister used to say to me, why are you singing their music? Their music. Their music, okay.
--:-- Alice Randall: I said, well, it's my music too. Now, that's me growing up in a segregated Southern state. They actively made sure that no one knew he was black. He, quote unquote, I am not saying this, sounds white. That's what it was said at the time, that he sounds white.
--:-- Alice Randall: What people thought was white, they did not put his face on the original. It did not share any photographs of him. But some of them never learned it's a simple thing. They wanted people to fall in love with the voice in the records first.
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--:-- Alice Randall: And then he came out as black in Detroit, Michigan, when I was a little girl. I still remember people talking about it in the background of the city. And he will end up going to the top of the chart so many times. And so we get this line from Dee Ford Bailey to Charlie Pryde. Both of them will belong to the Opry.
--:-- Alice Randall: Charlie will be given superstar status. He will become Entertainer of the Year. I believe that was in 1971. But at that same time, we get Linda Martel trying to step into that space, and she is shut down. She will be the first Black woman to sing at the Opry. She will release an album on Plantation Records, which is actually quite extraordinary.
--:-- Alice Randall: She's a beautiful voice. She's quite beautiful physically. She can rock these miniskirts. She has very much the sort of style of a Bobby Gentry and people who are superstars of the moment. The album, I believe, is called Color Me Country. One of the great singles on it is called Color Him Father, which is actually about a stepfather.
--:-- Alice Randall: It's an extraordinary album, but she's on Hee Haw, she's on the Opry, but she never goes incognito. grow, the very first time she comes out as a Black woman, there just isn't the traction. She experiences myriad micro and macro aggressions navigating Nashville. She is not allowed in this space.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Okay, Charlie Pryde had done it. He had, like, broken the barrier. What happened with Linda Martell? Like, what was the resistance? He'd proved you could be popular and make money and be Black.
--:-- Alice Randall: So one of my favorite songs I've written is a song called Small Towns Are Smaller for Girls. And that was recorded by Holly Dunn. Small towns are smaller for girls. Small towns are even smaller for black girls. And that's what Linda Martell was up against. And Music City was a small town.
--:-- Alice Randall: Linda Martell, when she left Nashville, continued to make music. She just wasn't making it in country spaces. Now, in that time, in the early 60s, we're going to get the arguably most important album of country music, and certainly the most important album of Black country, perhaps to this current moment, is Modern Sounds and Country and Western Music by the great Ray Charles.
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--:-- Alice Randall: I can't stop loving you. I've made up my mind. In my way of looking at it, Dee Fort Bailey is the papa, Lil Hardin is the mama, and Charlie Pryde is their genius child. This is the first family of Black country and the founding family of all country music.
--:-- Alice Randall: Because when Ray Charles releases Modern Sounds and Country and Western Music it going to deconstruct and reconstruct the industry and the audience understanding of what country music is. And it's going to claim the first huge white and black, Asian and indigenous audience for country, because everybody listened to Ray Charles.
--:-- Alice Randall: He may not have been on the country charts, but everybody was listening to this. It was on the radios. It was in jukeboxes. It was everywhere. And it was constructing and deconstructing country music. Ray Charles is the foundation for everything, this genius child that's coming into this current moment.
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--:-- Alice Randall: And this Beyonce moment, and we now know that the album is called Cowboy Carter, is the biggest revelation since modern sounds in country and Western. And it's that same kind of moment. I say that Beyonce is Ray Charles' genius child. She is deconstructing and reconstructing country in her own aesthetic image, but reflecting the Black geniuses come before and larger country cultural genius and creating new opportunities for genius to come after.
--:-- Alice Randall: Coming up after the break, Beyonce country. Support for Today Explained comes from Built Rewards. These days, it seems like everybody has a rewards program. You swipe your card and you get one cent on the hundred dollars. But with your rent, frequently, you just pay month after month. You never get anything from it other than that roof over your head. Not anymore, says Built Rewards.
--:-- Alice Randall: Built Rewards says it lets you earn points on your rent. By paying rent through Bilt, they say you can earn flexible points that can be redeemed toward hundreds of hotels and airlines, perhaps a future rent payment, your next Lyft ride, and so much more.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Your home isn't just where you sleep, it's your community, and Bilt wants you to go out and do things in the community. You can eat at your favorite local restaurants, then earn more points. You can get VIP treatment at certain fitness studios. You can enjoy exclusive experiences just for Bilt members every month.
--:-- Alice Randall: When you're ready to travel, they say Bilt points can be converted to miles or hotel points all around the world. You can earn points on rent and around your neighborhood wherever you call home by joining Bilt.com slash Explained.
--:-- Alice Randall: That's J-O-I-N-B-I-L-T dot com slash Explained. Every day, millions of customers engage with AI agents like me. We resolve queries fast. We work 24-7 and we're helpful, knowledgeable, and empathetic. We're built to be the voice of the brands we serve. Sierra is the platform for building better, more human customer experiences with AI.
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--:-- Alice Randall: No hold music, no generic answers, no frustration. Visit sierra.ai to learn more. Support for Today Explained comes from Upwork. If you run a business, you know that scaling your business requires the right expertise at the right time.
--:-- Alice Randall: I sometimes wonder how many of you are running businesses out there. I would love to know. Please email me, noelle at king dot com. With Upwork, you can find specialized freelancers in IT, web development, AI, design, admin support, marketing, and more.
--:-- Alice Randall: Experts who they say are ready to help you take your business to the next level. With more than two decades of experience, Upwork has a simple and ambitious goal to pioneer a better way of working. Companies at every stage turn to Upwork to get things done and find more flexibility in the way they staff key projects and initiatives by accessing a global marketplace full of top talent.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Plus, Upwork makes posting your job easy with no cost to join. You can register, browse freelancer profiles, get help drafting a job post, or even book a consultation. You can visit Upwork.com right now and post your job for free. That is Upwork.com to post your job for free and connect with top towns ready to help your business grow.
--:-- Noel King: It's Today Explained. We're back with Alice Randall. 21st century country has gotten really interesting. It includes your Darius Ruckers and your Lil Nas X's and other Black artists. But Alice, who is a songwriter and sort of country music historian, says the 21st century hasn't been much kinder to Black women than the 20th was.
--:-- Alice Randall: Now, she does list some bright spots. Recy Palmer, Miko Marks, Mickey Guyton. And then along comes... The other great genius of Black country, equal to Dolly Parton and country, is Rhiannon Giddens.
--:-- Alice Randall: We're going to see her appear first in the Carolina Chocolate Drops. She will discover the banjo. She will release extremely important country singles and albums. She is, by all standard measures, a beautiful woman. She has an extraordinary voice. She's an extraordinary instrumentalist, world-class. And she's a fine songwriter.
--:-- Alice Randall: Riannon should have been a country star. She had everything. To me, she is the evidence. The system did not work at that point to allow a Black woman to rise to those heights.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Beyoncé has her playing on Texas Hold'em. Did you know Beyoncé was working on a country album? I had heard rumor, but more importantly, I knew Beyoncé had already done country music. Came into this world, Daddy's little girl, Daddy made a soldier out of me.
--:-- Alice Randall: I knew that Daddy's Lessons was actually, I think, one of the great country songs of all time. That it was emphatically a country song. I had written an article about that in American Songwriter magazine, and it received some very harsh criticism for that article.
--:-- Alice Randall: And I also knew that when she performed with the Dixie Chucks on air, that it was actually an extraordinary country performance. I'd seen how that song had been received, which was negatively. It's the highest rated 15 minutes in CMA history.
--:-- Alice Randall: And then they start getting, you know, racist assholes bombarding their website with comments and emails and whatever. And so they take her down. They took our performance down and caved to that bullshit. And then they, I guess, got so much bad press for doing that.
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--:-- Alice Randall: Within 24 hours, they put it back up again. Just cowards. It's just crazy. She just gave you your greatest ratings that you've ever gotten. How dare you take her song off?
--:-- Alice Randall: I seen how much The establishment pushed away at it that I had myself a lot of pushback when I thought it was speaking the obvious truth that it was a country song So the rejection of that and the rejection of her performance at the CMA Awards, to me, again, it was a Ray Charles moment.
--:-- Alice Randall: Beyoncé is a superstar. She can also be a country superstar. This has happened before. Elvis Presley started off thinking he was a country singer. He at some point became a rock star. And then maybe at some other point, he became a country singer again. And ultimately, genre is just a construct too.
--:-- Alice Randall: But Beyonce can be in both of these spaces. But what is interesting here to me and what I love, I have seen literally white, black, and Asian people dancing to Texas Hold'em on my Instagram. I've seen all kinds of people from all walks of life doing all kinds of complicated dances.
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--:-- Alice Randall: They're embracing this. Beyonce, her beauty is acknowledged widely now in this country space. This is the first time that a Black woman's ability, beauty, and musicality has been acknowledged widely as a pinnacle.
--:-- Alice Randall: This moment means that finally the history of Black people in country is being acknowledged. It's far beyond the success of Beyonce. It is a moment that reveals she did not come out of nowhere. She's not claiming to come out of nowhere.
--:-- Alice Randall: And when I listen to 16 Carriages, for example. 16 carriages driving away while I watch them ride with my dreams away. Which is elegiac. That is a song that is in conversation with May the Circle Be Unbroken.
--:-- Alice Randall: Can the circle be unbroken by and by, Lord, by and by. It's a song in conversation with 16 Tons, a work song about coal mining. It's a song in conversation with Strawberry Wine, I think, about loss of innocence.
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--:-- Alice Randall: I was caught somewhere between a woman and a child. One restless summer, we found love growing white. It's also, I believe, a song, consciously or unconsciously, in conversation with my song, X's and O's, about the balance between love and money.
--:-- Alice Randall: That song is a black country song. Fix the sink, mow the yard, really isn't all that hard. If you get paid, she's myself. Underpaid and overwhelmed. I might cut clean, but still won't fall. Still working on my life, you know. Only God knows, only God knows, only God knows.
--:-- Alice Randall: Sixteen carriages. It seems that what Beyonce has the ability to do is like illuminate what from the past was lost or ignored, but then also fundamentally to change what the future looks like, right?
--:-- Alice Randall: Absolutely. What is also most important here is that she is creating new sounds, new methods of narration. In Kunder, there's always a balance between preserving and evolving. She is doing more evolving than preserving, but she's significantly preserving and spotlighting past genius while manifesting her own present genius and creating a path forward for further innovation.
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--:-- Alice Randall: What do you think that means for Black artists? What could that mean for Black artists and country? I think the difference between zero and one is immense. When something has never been done, people can think it is impossible to do. And they don't try and they don't support.
--:-- Alice Randall: When something has once been done, they think it can again be done. Now that she has done it, she has proven it's possible. No one again can say, a black woman can't chart. No one again can say, which is a thing that was unfortunately said around town, bring me the right black woman. Bring me the one that's pretty enough, who sings well enough, and has some songs, and we'll make her a star.
--:-- Alice Randall: This ain't Texas. Ain't no holdin'. But I think because it's been done, people know it can be done, and so I think it gives them a lot of fortitude. She had to be extraordinary. She is the pathbreaker. She had to evade layers and layers of cultural redlining, strategically, intellectually, artistically.
--:-- Alice Randall: But she's also proven that there's a giant country audience that's new in this moment, as well as an old audience. And that includes white people who thought they were too cool for country, but were following Beyonce and have followed Beyonce into country.
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--:-- Alice Randall: It includes black people who didn't want to publicly acknowledge they like country, but are willing to publicly announce they like Beyonce's country. It includes white people who thought they really did not like black country, but they just love this. It includes lots of people.
--:-- Alice Randall: People have fallen in love. It's a magical moment when people who don't get music get it because some music is being served up that is just irresistible.
--:-- Noel King: Songwriter Alice Randall. I spoke to her in her home in Belmead, Nashville. My Black Country is the name of her memoir and it comes out next month along with a compilation of Alice's songs all performed by Black women musicians. Beyoncé's new album, Cowboy Carter, is out next week.
--:-- Noel King: Today's show was produced by Avishay Artsy and edited by Amina Al-Sadi. It was fact-checked by Victoria Chamberlain and Anouk Dussaud. Patrick Boyd engineered. Special thanks to our Nashville team, Amanda Llewellyn and Jolie Myers.
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