--:-- Noelle King: In Jackson, Mississippi, here's the past month summed up. It's like playing Russian roulette, that you don't know if you're going to wake up with water. You don't know if you got water. You don't know what condition the water is in.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Now, in response to the chaos, the city's website has been updating residents. Yesterday, the most recent update, the water pressure is back, but the tap water is still not safe to drink unless it is boiled first. It's a horrible situation in the entire city of Jackson, you know, not just one individual. And I blame the city council, the governor and the mayor because they're all in confusion and no one seemed to know how to solve the problem.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Coming up on Today Explained, how Jackson, Mississippi became ground zero, for today anyway, of our national infrastructure crisis.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Support for this show comes from ServiceNow. AI is only as powerful as the platform it's built into, don't you know? That's why it's no surprise that more than 85% of the Fortune 500 use the ServiceNow AI platform. Didn't know that. While other platforms duct tape tools together, ServiceNow seamlessly unifies people, data, workflows, and AI, connecting every corner of your business. And with AI agents working together autonomously, anyone in any department can focus on the work that matters most.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: I'm Noelle King. Kobe Vance, reporter with Mississippi Public Broadcasting. Let's go back to the beginning. How did this all start?
--:-- Kobe Vance: Back about two weeks ago, we saw a lot of rain come through the southeastern United States. And here in Mississippi, a lot of that flooded into the Pearl River upstream. The governor of Mississippi is now declaring a state of emergency after days of heavy rainfall in the central part of the state. The Jackson area saw a lot of flooding. And with that flooding came a lot of extra chemicals in the water into Jackson's water plant. That meant they had to also raise the amount of treatment processes they were doing on those highly contaminated waters.
--:-- Kobe Vance: The city of Jackson has a very limited staff. They have been understaffed at this water treatment plant for years and years now. Well, the EPA has made it clear that a staffing shortage is amplifying the city of Jackson's continued water issues. And their equipment is exceptionally outdated. And so because of those factors, they just couldn't meet the demands of taking in water, processing it, and then putting it out into the system to maintain that pressure.
--:-- Kobe Vance: So they had to decrease their water production in the short term, which couldn't keep up with the demand that Jackson residents needed. When that happened, we saw water pressure across the city drop as the storage tanks that are used began to drain.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: At her Fondren home, water pressure is still too low to take a shower or wash clothes, but Hall says she tried to fill up her tub to have water to flush her toilet and wash dishes with.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: If a city's water pressure is not adequate, the water sits in the pipes at a lower rate and it can't flow as fast. You might have heard the phrase, moss can't grow on a rolling stone. Well, it kind of applies to whenever water can't flow quickly enough to get to the storage tanks or it sits stagnant in some pipes, then bacteria has a chance to produce faster and faster. And when that happens, it can be dangerous for residents to drink the water.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And the city of Jackson has been plagued by that for years. It came out of the faucet and it was thick and it was a different color. I couldn't even give it to my dog. And that's something that Jacksonians have just come to live with. It's just that in this case, we've seen a bigger problem, which is they don't have water pressure at all.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: Why has this been going on for so long? This is a capital city. Jackson obviously has a history of racism. So that leads into something called white flight. When a lot of African-Americans moved into the city of Jackson, we began to see a lot of white people that held a majority of the capital. They left the city. Federally mandated school desegregation had prompted waves of white residents to abandon the city.
--:-- Kobe Vance: Between 1970 and 1990, Jackson went from being 60 percent white to being nearly 60 percent black. They didn't move far away. These people are just on the very edge of the county lines. So these people can still benefit from having the things that are in Jackson, but they don't live there themselves. And their personal interest in the city has waned over time.
--:-- Kobe Vance: Many look at the city as a stain on the state rather than something that they're proud of as a state capital. And so over a period of time, the city of Jackson lost their tax base. When that happens, they can't keep doing the same infrastructure updates that they had been doing in the past. So over a period of decades, the city has failed to be able to produce adequate maintenance on their systems.
--:-- Kobe Vance: They haven't been able to replace pipes in their grounds across the city. And so these infrastructure failings are something that have compounded over years and years.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: Who has been most directly affected by this? This is something that is heavily affecting those who live in South and West Jackson. Those residents live miles away from the water treatment plants. And so there is so much distance that has to be covered. They are almost always under a boil water notice.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And oftentimes it's easier to count the weeks that they're not on a boil notice than they are. Somewhere, somebody has dropped the ball. And so the city council or the mayor or whoever the governor or whatever needs to get together and get this done.
--:-- Kobe Vance: The demographics of Jackson is 80 percent black and a lot of Jackson residents are also low income And with that, it becomes a system that is increasingly putting a large tax burden on not just African-Americans, but people who have very low incomes and live far below the poverty rate.
--:-- Kobe Vance: The city knows it's in the middle of a crisis. The state knows it's in the middle of the crisis. are those two entities who presumably should have some of the same goals in mind, are they working together at this point? How are they responding?
--:-- Kobe Vance: It has become a tricky situation to know how they're working together or not. During the first full week of the crisis, the governor and the mayor came together in a press conference talking about how they wanted unity in this going forward to make sure that they were focusing on helping Jackson residents first.
--:-- Kobe Vance: There will be plenty of time in the future to play the blame game, and y'all can do all of that you want to do. You can do it in real time if you want to, but I ain't got time for it. But then we saw the governor come forward and immediately start blaming city administration for not maintaining the city's water plant adequately.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And then on the city side, they're saying that they have been putting forward plans constantly for the past several years, which should never get the funding they need.
--:-- Kobe Vance: I've been saying that it's not a matter of if our system would fail, but when our system would fail.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: Is the city providing people with water or with other types of aid? The city has been providing people with water for a while now. It's something that they've been doing under an EPA order at fire stations across the area.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And now the state has also stepped in to help with this issue from our Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and our state National Guard, as well as partners at, for instance, our Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And so with all of these entities coming together, they have been able to drastically step up water distribution efforts. I think the governor mentioned the other day it was surpassing five million bottles of water passed out within a week.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And so with all of that, people are getting the water they need right now. But this is something that has been an issue for so long that people have just gotten used to buying their own water in grocery stores.
--:-- Kobe Vance: Some people spend maybe $25 a week if they live alone. But I've heard families spend maybe like $100 per week just on water for their children. People are fed up.
--:-- Kobe Vance: I honestly don't even want to bathe my baby in Jackson's water. It's sad. And I can't even afford to move out of Jackson, so I have to stay here and deal with this.
--:-- Kobe Vance: If I had been living like this for years and I knew that it was in part because the state wouldn't help me, I'd be furious.
--:-- Kobe Vance: Have you talked to anybody who's angry? people are pissed i think it's fair to say this is something that they have to a degree come to live with come to learn how to live with but they are not happy about it some people are questioning if they want to pay their water bills why would you want to pay your water bill if you can't drink the water and sometimes you don't have water coming out of your taps it becomes a very regressive cycle.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And so people are just really heavily frustrated. They are appreciative of all the work that's being done to try to get the water pressure back online and then get that drinkable again.
--:-- Kobe Vance: They're appreciative of the state stepping in and the federal government at this point. And they're appreciative of the national conversation that's ongoing now about Jackson.
--:-- Kobe Vance: But it's just a matter of time until this happens again, unless something drastic happens and a lot of the systems are updated, more workers are added in Jackson, and residents are ensured that they're going to have water in their homes for a longer period of time.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Kobe Vance: Where do things stand today with the water? Currently, residents in Jackson do have water pressure. It is tentative because the systems are still very fragile, but they do have water. They cannot drink it.
--:-- Kobe Vance: Under the guidance of the Department of Health in Mississippi, they were lowering their standards of water output so they could just meet the pressure demands of the city. Now they are currently working towards making sure that water is drinkable.
--:-- Kobe Vance: And so currently residents are advised to not drink the water, not even brush their teeth with the water, although they can technically boil it if they need water to drink in their homes.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Support for Today Explained comes from Chime. Nobody likes fees and complicated banking, says Chime. And Chime gets that, says Chime. Chime is a financial technology company that says they understand that every dollar counts.
--:-- Noelle King: So when you set up direct deposit through Chime, they say you get access to fee-free features, such as free overdraft coverage, getting paid up to two days early with direct deposit, so much more.
--:-- Noelle King: Chime says with qualifying direct deposits, you can be eligible for free overdraft up to $200 on debit card purchases and cash withdrawals. Plus, they say you don't need to worry about monthly fees or maintenance fees.
--:-- Noelle King: You can work on your financial goals through Chime today. You can open an account in two minutes at Chime.com slash explained.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: That's Chime.com slash explained. Chime feels like progress. Chime is a financial technology company, not a bank. Banking services and debit card provided by the Bank or Bank N.A. or Stride Bank N.A. Members FDIC.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Support for this show comes from Macy's. It's almost fall, and that means it's time to cycle your wardrobe to the cold setting. Because while everyone loves a breezy summer outfit, let's be real, layering is even more fun.
--:-- Noelle King: That's why Macy's Fall Fashion Guide has everything you need to piece together the perfect look for you. It's your one-stop shop for fall's latest trends and must-haves, curated by their experts.
--:-- Noelle King: Add a statement shoe to your collection, like the calf-hair loafers from Steve Madden. Or tap into your romantic side, with flowy dresses from Cece and sheer pieces from INC.
--:-- Noelle King: You can even throw in some textural layers for contrast, like a faux fur bomber jacket from Karl Lagerfeld Paris. Whether your old favorite sweater or coat is on its last threads, or you're just craving a new vibe to switch things up, Macy's has got you covered this season.
--:-- Noelle King: Find the perfect layering pieces for you by exploring the Macy's Fall Fashion Style Guide. Shop in-store or online at macy's.com.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: I have described Jackson as the poster child of the infrastructure challenges that we see in this country It Today Explained Darren Olson is a water resources engineer based in Illinois He is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers where he vice chairs a committee that grades U.S. infrastructure like a report card.
--:-- Darren Olson: Now, the last one was released in 2021. Out of 17 categories, the U.S. got 11 Ds, 4 Cs, 2 Bs. All of that adds up to 17, so no As. Our national average? We got an overall grade of C-. Not something that you would want to bring home to your parents or you'd want your child to bring home to you.
--:-- Darren Olson: Can I ask what went through your head when you started reading about the water crisis in Jackson, Mississippi?
--:-- Darren Olson: Well, while it made frontline news these past few weeks, it's really not all that surprising that something like that can happen. They're dealing with a horrible crisis down in Jackson where nearly 150,000 people as of a few days ago were still without water.
--:-- Darren Olson: But throughout the country, there is a water crisis. And even here in Illinois, we've got a community, Dixmore, that as of today is out of water as well. They have to get bottled water because they've had too many water main breaks and they aren't able to deliver water to their residents.
--:-- Darren Olson: So while it's making frontline news right now, it's really not all that surprising. Were the mechanics of what happened in Jackson immediately understandable to you? Was it something where you said, oh, dear, this is very confusing or something where you said, oh, dear, this again?
--:-- Darren Olson: You know, a little combination of both. And I think that's what we're going to start seeing is that there is definitely a water infrastructure problem in the United States.
--:-- Darren Olson: Thousands of New Jersey residents are stocking up on bottled water after tests indicated water filters may not be protecting residents against elevated levels of lead. WSSC tells us there have been 365 water main breaks in our area this month alone.
--:-- Darren Olson: An alarming new report says more than 900,000 Californians do not have access to clean drinking water. More than 65% of the failing water systems are located in low-income communities, mostly in the Central Valley.
--:-- Darren Olson: We have aging pipes and we have aging treatment plants that are beyond their useful life. useful life. You know, here in Chicago, we, for a while, were replacing water mains that were literally made of wood.
--:-- Darren Olson: We are replacing water mains that were installed when President Roosevelt was in office. That's Theodore Roosevelt. They were over 100 years old and way beyond their useful life. Served us well, those trees did.
--:-- Darren Olson: That's one part of the problem, and that's the part of the problem I think we understand a little bit more. But the part that's a little bit new is this climate change aspect to it. And so we've got this kind of a double whammy situation where we have aging water infrastructure that is now up against more severe storms, more drastic droughts.
--:-- Darren Olson: So that is the new part that I think is compounding the the existing infrastructure crisis that we have. Why does climate change and the flooding that accompanies it, why does that matter? A pipe is meant to carry water. Why does it matter if it's carrying more water or less water?
--:-- Darren Olson: I always relate water to something that's even more understandable to people, which is traffic, right? And so you can envision, you know, if roads that were built 50, 60, even 100 years ago, they were meant to carry a certain type of vehicle and a certain amount of vehicles.
--:-- Darren Olson: Those roads need to get increased and in both in lanes and in length. When we start talking about how many people are driving in the United States right now, water is a similar situation.
--:-- Darren Olson: And with the roads, you know, if you don't make them wider with more lanes, you obviously They have horrific traffic issues. With water, it's the same thing. The pipes that were built 100 years ago and installed 100 years ago, they were meant for a certain type of climate that we were seeing then and were based on the standards of that time.
--:-- Darren Olson: Both of those have changed dramatically. The pipes that we put in the ground 50 years ago are simply not meant to handle what we're experiencing now, and not to mention the fact that they all have a lifespan, Just like every piece of infrastructure has a certain lifespan to it, and we are now exceeding the lifespan of much of the water infrastructure that is underground.
--:-- Darren Olson: How much water infrastructure is there in the U.S.? So in the United States, they estimate that there's about 2.2 million miles of water main.
--:-- Darren Olson: It is generally when you start talking about how much of this you can replace in a given year. In 2020, it's estimated that about 12,000 miles of pipe were replaced. So that's less than 1% of the total amount of pipe that's in the ground that was able to be replaced in 2020.
--:-- Darren Olson: So you think about how many years it's going to take for us to upgrade all of this water infrastructure. It's really significant. Why are we not handling it now? Is it that the money doesn't exist? Yes. It's expensive to replace this infrastructure.
--:-- Darren Olson: And this water infrastructure is a little bit different than roads and bridges in that way back when, when this water infrastructure was put in place, much of it was federally funded. Back in the 60s, 70s with the Clean Water Act, there was a huge federal boost of money that was put in to try to achieve the goals of the Clean Water Act.
--:-- Darren Olson: Since then, the funding responsibility has shifted dramatically. So it has shifted from the federal side to really the local side. And when you talk about cities like Jackson, that water infrastructure that's in place, that is their responsibility to fix.
--:-- Darren Olson: And the funding generally has to come from the municipality. And they can certainly get loans and there's ways to try to finance that. But to replace that infrastructure that was originally put in it on them and it under roads And you can imagine how expensive it is to tear up the surface of the road dig down five six sometimes 10 feet down pull out this large pipe out of the ground that in deteriorating condition put a new one back in put all that material back put those other utilities back and then repave the road
--:-- Darren Olson: And when you explain it like that, I mean, just to do it for a block seems exhausting. And think about doing it for 2.2 million miles of pipe. And so this is something that when the state joined me and shared that they would be bringing in resources, bringing in a team to support us. We welcome that with open arms because we've been saying that we needed the support.
--:-- Darren Olson: We've been saying that we need resources. So, Darren, all of this comes down to what? What it comes down to is a lack of prioritization and a lack of funding to keep up this infrastructure.
--:-- Darren Olson: This is due to decades, decades and decades of possibly 30 years or more of deferred maintenance, a lack of capital improvements made to the system, a lack of a human capital or workforce plan that accounted for the challenges that our water treatment facility suffers from.
--:-- Darren Olson: This infrastructure is very valuable. And for so many years, we have not prioritized maintaining those to the point now where we're looking at over the next 10 years needing $2.6 trillion to get us from where we're at now, which is a C minus as an overall grade for infrastructure up to a B.
--:-- Darren Olson: Are we as a nation taking money away from infrastructure, from roads and bridges and aviation and water and diverting it toward other stuff? Well, certainly there's a fixed pool of resources and there are certainly many, many needs.
--:-- Darren Olson: I think what we're trying to do is, and one of the things that has occurred recently with the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, is to try to let our elected officials know, and they got the message, and they passed that $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure that actually brought in $550 billion of new spending.
--:-- Darren Olson: It's a once-in-a-generation investment in America, unlike anything we've seen or done since we built the interstate highway system and the space race decades ago. It's not going to solve our infrastructure problem, and it's a fraction of what we need, but it is really a move in the right direction.
--:-- Darren Olson: But it's a fraction of what we need? It is a fraction of what we need. That's how big that infrastructure gap is. that is a fraction of what we need. And we have an opportunity, whether it's the engineers or our elected officials, we can start to plan better for things like climate change and to make sure that whether it's our electric grid or our water mains or our levees or our ports, that they are built more resilient.
--:-- Darren Olson: And finally, we can use things like technology to track these 2.2 million miles of water main. We're able to start to understand where our weak points are, how those weak points intersect with communities that may be underserved.
--:-- Darren Olson: So we're able to prioritize from both an infrastructure perspective, but also for the need of the population where to invest our dollars first and where we're going to get the highest return on that investment.
--:-- Darren Olson: What are the consequences for this country if we keep on with the mediocre slash disastrous grades? Do you have nightmares about flooding or do you envision flooding being like a minor consequence of where we stand right now?
--:-- Darren Olson: Well, I'm a water resources engineer, so I have nightmares about flooding all the time. But you know what? That is one part of the consequence. We will see more things like Jackson, Mississippi. We're going to see more headlines out west with whole towns or states running out of water.
--:-- Darren Olson: But there's also the economic side of it as well. Every year, this is costing the American households over $3,000 in hidden costs for our poor infrastructure. Whether that is having to fix tires because the roads are in such poor condition that you blew a tire, having to buy bottled water.
--:-- Darren Olson: Maybe it's the electric grid went down, and so your refrigerator shut down and you have to buy new food. These are real costs for the American people. And it's also costing businesses as well.
--:-- Darren Olson: And we don't want to have to wait for a bridge collapse or a whole city needing to boil its water for the focus of our elected officials to be on maintaining our infrastructure and investing in our infrastructure.
--:-- Darren Olson: And too many times, especially with the water system, whether it's a sanitary pipe or a drinking water pipe, it's out of sight and out of mind for 99% of our population. It then becomes difficult to try to convince people that they need to invest in that when they're not seeing it every day.
--:-- [Audio fades in, indicating a transition to a new segment]
--:-- Noelle King: Today's show was produced by Jillian Weinberger and Amanda Llewellyn with assists from Victoria Chamberlain and Tori Dominguez. It was edited by Matthew Collette. It was fact-checked by Serena Solis. And it was engineered by Paul Robert Mounsey.
--:-- Noelle King: It's Today Explained. I'm Noelle King. Thank you.