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--:-- Noel King: Two years ago, Today Explained brought you Raid-a-Lago. There's breaking news out of Palm Beach, Florida. Former President Trump says his Mar-a-Lago home there is being raided by the FBI right now. He describes it as a siege, calling the raid unannounced. Agents spent much of yesterday at the club in Palm Beach, and CBS News has learned that the search was in regards to missing White House records. On leaving the White House, President Trump took classified documents with him. This was not legal, said a special counsel. Trump was indicted and he faced 40 felony counts. His defense team threw everything at the wall to see what might stick. And something unexpected did stick. This week, a federal judge in Florida tossed the case out. Candidate Trump's latest legal win and how, coming up on Today Explained.
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--:-- Noel King: You're listening to Today Explained. Well, my name is Ryan Barber, and I cover the Justice Department and Legal Affairs for The Wall Street Journal in D.C. What were the charges against former President Trump in this classified documents case?
--:-- Ryan Barber: Trump himself faced 40 charges, all related to allegations that he hoarded sensitive government documents at his Mar-a-Lago private residence and club down in South Florida.
--:-- Noel King: Today, an indictment was unsealed, charging Donald J. Trump with felony violations of our national security laws, as well as participating in a conspiracy to obstruct justice. And that when the federal government tried repeatedly over a period of months to retrieve them, that he working with two aides essentially obstructed those efforts.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Can you remind us what the government trying looked like?
--:-- Ryan Barber: Yeah, what that trying looked like was initially the National Archives sending a letter saying, hey, we believe you have records in your possession. We'd like to pick them up. The situation, though, escalated to the point where the Justice Department became involved, issued a subpoena, and then two Justice Department officials went down. This is in the summer of 22, picked up some records and then developed the belief that there were still more records at the Mar-a-Lago even after that. 48 folders with classified markings inside the former president's office and storage area were empty when the FBI searched. Where are the government secrets that might have been inside? Unknown. And that culminated in the August 2022 search of Mar-a-Lago, where FBI agents found many, many documents remaining at that property.
--:-- Noel King: So Trump is charged. And then just tell us where we go from there.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Trump was charged along initially with his personal aide, Walt Nata. Then, months later, prosecutors filed what's called a superseding indictment, essentially taking the place of the initial indictment that added a third defendant to the case, Carlos de Oliveira, who is a Mar-a-Lago property manager.
--:-- Noel King: According to the indictment, De Oliveira spoke with the former president the day after investigators subpoenaed security camera video and told a Mar-a-Lago employee, quote, the boss wanted security video deleted. His two co-defendants, Nada and De Oliveira, they were charged with essentially joining him in this plot to prevent the federal government from retrieving them, as they tried to do over a period of months.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And so what was Donald Trump's team arguing on his behalf? What was his legal defense?
--:-- Ryan Barber: So they made a number of arguments. The indictment was brought vindictively in legal parlance. The motion is styled as a motion to dismiss for selective and vindictive prosecution. And they made all the arguments you frequently hear Trump make, even on the campaign trail. I have tapes of the raid, and the raid is terrible. And the way they treated people is terrible. And the way they treat people now is unbelievable. They ask innocent people, please go in and talk about that. But this is getting a little harder. The way they treat people, they treat people like they're a foreign country enemy.
--:-- Noel King: But that was just a piece of the overall attack that Trump's legal team made on this indictment. The legal challenge to special counsel Jack Smith's appointment itself, along with kind of a tangential challenge related to his funding. And essentially what Trump's lawyers argued was that Jack Smith wields just such incredible power, such incredible prosecutorial authority, that it isn't sufficient for Attorney General Merrick Garland to have just appointed him. That the appointment of Jack Smith should be more akin almost to that of a U.S. attorney.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Judge Cannon is now saying that prosecutor doesn't have the ability to bring this case in court and thus it must be dismissed. She says this special counsel just doesn't have the power in the way that she reads the Constitution.
--:-- Noel King: Earlier this week, we finally got a ruling. What did the ruling say?
--:-- Ryan Barber: In a 93-page opinion, Judge Cannon, she's a 2020 appointee of Donald Trump's to the federal district court in South Florida. She really fully embraced Trump's arguments that Jack Smith was unlawfully appointed given the just the scale of his authority and his prosecutorial power.
--:-- Noel King: Judge Aileen Cannon in Florida has dismissed dismissed the indictment against Donald Trump in this classified documents case and his co on the grounds that the appointment of the special counsel violated the appointments clause of the Constitution
--:-- Ryan Barber: She asks, is there a statute in the United States code that authorizes the appointment of special counsel Smith to conduct this prosecution? After careful study of the seminal issue, the answer is no.
--:-- Noel King: You know, she goes on to essentially say that the office has a level of authority that really requires that check and balance of a Senate confirmation review, similar to what is done for U.S. attorneys.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And we immediately saw it reverberate across the legal and political sphere. I don't think it was as big an issue as maybe the other side was making it out to be. And I think the judge ruled appropriately the case.
--:-- Noel King: House Speaker Mike Johnson immediately praised it. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer called it breathtakingly off the mark.
--:-- Ryan Barber: So it's not every day that you get congressional leadership weighing in in the moment on a legal opinion that may strike many as somewhat technical, even with its immense consequences.
--:-- Noel King: What was at stake for Donald Trump if he'd been found guilty of those 40 felony counts? What was he looking at?
--:-- Ryan Barber: He was looking at potentially a significant prison term. You know, these charges carry maximum sentences. Now, it's always important to note. You know, if you're convicted and you face these maximum sentences, it's often the case that you wind up facing a fraction of what that maximum is.
--:-- Noel King: But at the end of the day, these were several charges. They were felonies. They were serious. But a lot of legal experts really kind of viewed this Mar-a-Lago case as one of the strongest and on some of the firmest footing against him.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Well, it's very strong because a lot of the evidence comes from his own lawyers. And furthermore, there's evidence of him saying things that are completely incompatible with any idea that this was an innocent document dispute.
--:-- Noel King: We all remember these images of documents being found in all parts of Mar-a-Lago. Now you're looking at these newly released photos. They allege Trump stored boxes with classified documents all over the place in Mar-a-Lago, frankly. The ballroom, his bedroom, even a bathroom and a shower. Photographs together kind of showed this haphazard arrangement of keeping them around as keepsakes.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And just given the weight of that evidence and given that the allegations of obstruction, of preventing the government's retrieval of the records, happened in his post-presidency, a lot of the allegations were also considered relatively safe, even from what turned out to be a successful challenge he made in the January 6th case concerning his immunity from actions taken in office.
--:-- Noel King: So this is just an incredible setback, really, for special counsel Jack Smith's team. Now we have this new statement from the office of the special counsel saying the dismissal of the case deviates from the uniform conclusion of all previous courts to have considered the issue that the attorney general is statutorily authorized to appoint a special counsel.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And what did this ruling do? Did it did it overturn any precedent? Did it establish a new precedent? Like, what does it mean legally?
--:-- Ryan Barber: Yeah, so what it means legally is it's an interesting question. Because the idea of a special counsel or really a special prosecutor has been litigated, you know, at least since the Nixon Watergate timeframe. But a lot of that litigation has centered in D.C. and been ruled on by the D.C. circuit specifically.
--:-- Noel King: Judge Cannon, by sitting in Florida, sits in a different appellate court. It's called the 11th Circuit, and it generally covers the southeast United States.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And what she said was this was really she was operating from a blank slate down in the 11th Circuit. There's really no precedent down there for this. And why would there be, right? But the combination of this case and Trump having a residence in Florida brought it there.
--:-- Noel King: And what her opinion does in the immediate term is it does toss this indictment before this even goes to trial. This happened when a trial date had been indefinitely postponed and there was none in sight.
--:-- Ryan Barber: But it's not the end of the story. What happens now is the special counsel team said that they'd received authorization to appeal and they will go now to the 11th Circuit.
--:-- Noel King: We know Jack Smith will appeal, but that process takes some time. And of course, if Trump wins the presidency, then all of these federal cases, he will just order the Justice Department to dismiss them.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And the 11th Circuit is now the operating table, if you will, where the special counsel is going to take out the paddles and try to revive it. They'll try to convince this three-judge appellate panel that Judge Cannon improperly tossed these charges and that the case should be revived.
--:-- Noel King: Judge Cannon has drawn criticism from legal experts over a lot of rulings and her entertainment of some unusual legal arguments that have struck many people as kind of unduly deferential to Trump.
--:-- Ryan Barber: There have been open frustrations between prosecutors and the judge. You know, the judges at some points had to tell prosecutors to calm down. She did chastise federal prosecutor David Harbach saying, quote, I don't appreciate your tone, that she would appreciate decorum at all times.
--:-- Noel King: But, quote, if you aren't able to do that, I'm sure one of your colleagues can take up arguing this motion.
--:-- Ryan Barber: So what the what some legal experts are saying is that now that they're going to the 11th Circuit in this appeal posture, they may actually have an opportunity now to actually get her removed from the case.
--:-- Noel King: So that's going to be something to watch in addition to just the arguments on the merits of whether this case should have been dismissed or not.
--:-- Ryan Barber: That's Ryan Barber of The Wall Street Journal.
--:-- Noel King: Coming up, who is this judge who shot her unexpected shot? And will this ruling be reversed?
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--:-- Noel King: Let's be honest. Are you happy with your job? Like, really happy? The unfortunate fact is that a huge number of people can't say yes to that. Far too many of us are stuck in a job we've outgrown, or one we never wanted in the first place. But still, we stick it out. And we give reasons like, what if the next move is even worse? I've already put years into this place. And maybe the most common one, isn't everyone kind of miserable at work?
--:-- Ryan Barber: But there's a difference between reasons for staying and excuses for not leaving. It's time to get unstuck. It's time for Strawberry.me. They match you with a certified career coach who helps you go from where you are to where you actually want to be.
--:-- Noel King: Your coach helps you get clear on your goals, create a plan, build your confidence, and keeps you accountable along the way. So don't leave your career to chance. Take action and own your future with a professional coach in your corner.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Go to strawberry.me slash unstuck to claim a special offer.
--:-- Noel King: That's strawberry.me slash unstuck.
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--:-- Noel King: Support for Today Explained comes from Upwork. If you run a business, you know that scaling your business requires the right expertise at the right time. I sometimes wonder how many of you are running businesses out there. I would love to know. Please email me, noelle at king dot com. With Upwork, you can find specialized freelancers in IT, web development, AI, design, admin support, marketing, and more. Experts who they say are ready to help you take your business to the next level.
--:-- Ryan Barber: With more than two decades of experience, Upwork has a simple and ambitious goal to pioneer a better way of working. Companies at every stage turn to Upwork to get things done and find more flexibility in the way they staff key projects and initiatives by accessing a global marketplace full of top talent.
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--:-- Noel King: Today, yay. Explained, yay. I'm Noelle King with Ryan Barber of The Wall Street Journal. Ryan, what do we know about the judge in this case? Who is Aline Cannon?
--:-- Ryan Barber: Yeah, Aline Cannon is one of the many Trump-appointed judges. 42-year-old Cannon was born in Cali, Colombia and grew up in Miami. She credits her mother, who fled Cuba as a young girl as her inspiration to get involved in the U.S. legal system.
--:-- Noel King: But she was actually one of the last to be confirmed during his four-year presidency. I'd like to start by expressing my deep gratitude. I am humbled to appear before you. She was nominated in 2020, and she was actually confirmed after Trump had been voted out of office. My sincere thanks to the president for the honor of this nomination.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Ma'am, can we ask you to speak up just a tiny bit for us? Yes, yes. Perfect. Much better. Thank you.
--:-- Noel King: She came from actually the federal prosecutor's office down in South Florida. So in the U.S. Attorney's Office, she really started off prosecuting drug, gun, and immigration offenses, tried four cases to verdict.
--:-- Ryan Barber: According to her questionnaire that she submitted to the Senate Judiciary Committee as part of her confirmation process, after that stage of her career there, she moved on to appellate work where her role was defending oftentimes the convictions that her office secured.
--:-- Noel King: So in part because of that experience, she actually came out of the prosecutor's office with relatively little trial experience. And that was striking to a number of people who saw her poised to take the bench, preside over trials. They just didn't see many trials in her record to look to, which was notable for, you know, for somebody who's a former federal prosecutor.
--:-- Ryan Barber: You think she's green? Well, she's certainly green. She hasn't had a lot of trials as a judge. I think the number is four and they've all been relatively simple.
--:-- Noel King: And by the way, Simone, that's not her fault. She's new at this. Maybe one day she'll be really good at this. There's not a lot of evidence to support that right now, but I think she's struggling.
--:-- Ryan Barber: In addition to that, at the time of her confirmation, she was in her late 30s, which makes her pretty young on the spectrum of federal judges.
--:-- Noel King: What's her record been like as a federal judge?
--:-- Ryan Barber: Yeah, from speaking with a number of people in legal circles in Florida, she's really developed a reputation pretty quickly down there. She's known actually for handing down pretty stiff sentences, especially in cases of illegal reentry into the United States, which South Florida has many of.
--:-- Noel King: In addition to that, she's known as being somewhat prickly, not just with prosecutors, but also defense lawyers, sort of equal opportunity there.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And what a lot of lawyers have taken note of with her is that she likes to really pounce on procedural missteps, miscues that violate some of the technical court rules. And it struck a lot of lawyers down there as almost like she kind of wants to buy herself time or avoid having to make rulings on the merits.
--:-- Noel King: You know, the word that you hear a lot from a lot of people is that, yes, she's young. Yes, she's inexperienced. But from her conduct and approach from the bench, some lawyers see some insecurity there.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Does anyone else see insecurity? Like, what is the I'm imagining you talk to a lot of people who know her record. And I wonder if you can just give us a kind of a sense of the spectrum of thoughts about this judge.
--:-- Noel King: So the spectrum of thoughts range from she young relatively inexperienced and here she is saddled with this case involving a former president that has this potent trifecta of an unprecedented prosecution the glare of media scrutiny, and tons of just complex legal issues involving the idea of prosecuting a former president and really sensitive evidence. that's just a just sort of a breathtakingly heavy weight for any judge.
--:-- Ryan Barber: This was a motion that had been filed by his legal team. And it was not one, frankly, that they expected to win. Anybody else who had looked at this had said the special counsel, Jack Smith, was rightly appointed.
--:-- Noel King: There have been some people who see that she's being deliberate and properly careful. Others others see her as being a judge whose inexperience is really showing. And the less charitable opinions are that as a Trump appointee, she's throwing the case to Trump and whatnot.
--:-- Ryan Barber: The special counsel made clear there will be an appeal in this case. And he noted that every other court that has considered the issue of special counsel appointments have ruled that they are constitutional.
--:-- Noel King: Right now, Judge Cannon is the outlier. What happens to the judge if her ruling is overturned? What happens to her if her ruling is not overturned? What does the future look like?
--:-- Ryan Barber: It's so interesting. If her ruling is overturned, there's a real chance that she's removed from the case. Now, there's another chance that if it overturns her, the proceedings resume in her trial court and that she holds on to the case.
--:-- Noel King: And if the 11th Circuit, you know, if it upholds her decision, you could expect the special counsel to then seek further review of that decision, or it could just then go immediately to the Supreme Court.
--:-- Ryan Barber: You've said throughout that Judge Cannon did not rule on whether Donald Trump did crimes or not. She ruled on the ins and outs of how the special counsel in this case was appointed.
--:-- Noel King: Now, the Office of Special Counsel is interesting. It came to prominence during the Watergate era, and then there were several during the Trump administration.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Can you remind us what those special counsel appointments were about?
--:-- Ryan Barber: What we've seen in recent years with the special counsel is it's an appointment that has been used frequently. Some would say too frequently. In the Trump administration, we saw the deputy attorney general, Rod Rosenstein, have to become the acting attorney general for the purposes of the Russian investigation. And it was under the special counsel regulation that he appointed Robert Mueller to lead the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election.
--:-- Noel King: Later in the Trump administration, then Attorney General Bill Barr made John Durham a special counsel.
--:-- Ryan Barber: And then in the Biden administration, we've seen Attorney General Merrick Garland appoint three special counsels in addition to Jack Smith.
--:-- Noel King: Was Jack Smith nominated by President Biden?
--:-- Ryan Barber: No, he was not. Was he confirmed by the Senate?
--:-- Ryan Barber: No, he was not.
--:-- Noel King: When was the special counsel statute passed?
--:-- Ryan Barber: There is no special counsel statute. There was an independent counsel statute that was expired.
--:-- Noel King: So it expired. So what gives you the authority to appoint a special counsel? To create — you've created an office in the U.S. government that does not exist without authorization from Congress.
--:-- Ryan Barber: There are regulations. And it just speaks to how special counsels have become this tool that the Justice Department uses when it wants to avoid the appearance of bias or when it wants to really project independence for investigations.
--:-- Noel King: During the Trump administration, the Federalist Society and some other conservative legal groups argued that special counsel appointments, that these appointments are unconstitutional.
--:-- Ryan Barber: That sounds a lot like what Judge Aileen Cannon said.
--:-- Noel King: What was their argument? What were they saying?
--:-- Ryan Barber: A lot of that criticism tracked the arguments that Trump wound up making in this case, that these prosecutors are, for all intents and purposes, U.S. attorneys with a starting mission, such as investigating Russian interference or investigating efforts to overturn the election, akin to how a U.S. attorney has a job to enforce the federal law in whatever district of the United States is under his charge.
--:-- Noel King: So one of the arguments all along has been, hey, U.S. attorneys are confirmed by the Senate. Why don't we have special counsels confirmed by the Senate?
--:-- Ryan Barber: And what the Justice Department has argued is that these are inferior officers whom the attorney general is more than within his rights to appoint to carry out his mission to enforce the laws of the United States.
--:-- Noel King: But here we see Donald Trump gaining traction with an argument that has not succeeded elsewhere. Court, it could really rock this special counsel framework as we know it.
--:-- Noel King: All right. So I want to take us back to the question at the heart of this episode, which is, is Donald Trump in any legal peril as a result of this particular case?
--:-- Ryan Barber: For the moment, no, but there will be an appeal.
--:-- Noel King: Judge Cannon cited Justice Clarence Thomas's opinions three times in her ruling, we are told. So does that tell us anything? Does that indicate anything about what might happen if this does end up before the Supreme Court.
--:-- Ryan Barber: It does. I mean, I think it signals that Justice Clarence Thomas may come into this case inclined to view these issues as Judge Cannon did.
--:-- Noel King: But there are eight other justices we saw, even just in the term that just ended, that there can often be strange bedfellows in the modern-day Supreme Court.
--:-- Ryan Barber: So it still remains unpredictable how this might play at the Supreme Court. But I can't stress enough that we're not terribly close there to that point.
--:-- Noel King: You know, the wheels of justice turn slowly and the special counsel has previewed an appeal to the 11th Circuit. It hasn't filed it. And that is a process that we can expect to take many months.
--:-- Ryan Barber: That's Ryan Barber of The Wall Street Journal.
--:-- Noel King: Today's episode was produced by Victoria Chamberlain and Denise Guerra. It was edited by Miranda Kennedy and Matthew Collette and fact-checked by Hadi Muagdi.
--:-- Ryan Barber: Patrick Boyd and Andrea Kristen's daughter are our engineers.
--:-- Noel King: I am Noelle King. This has been Today Explained. Thank you.
