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--:-- Steve Inskeep: On his trip through the Middle East, President Trump takes a friendly approach to the new ruler of Syria. What does that mean for Syria's neighbor Israel, the U.S. ally still bombing targets around Syria's capital?
--:-- A Martinez: I'm Steve Inskeep with A. Martinez, and this is Up First from NPR News.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: The 14th Amendment to the Constitution guarantees citizenship to people born in the United States. Both the Supreme Court and Congress have affirmed that. So why is the issue back at the high court?
--:-- A Martinez: And House Speaker Mike Johnson is struggling to unite his conference around President Trump's, quote, big, beautiful bill.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: There's red states and blue state folks, right? We got more red state folks in our conference, and they have concerns about it. But we have blue state people who have realities they've got to deal with at home.
--:-- A Martinez: Can they find a compromise before Memorial Day? Stay with us. We've got all the news you need to start your day.
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--:-- A Martinez: This message comes from NPR sponsor Adobe. Introducing the all-new Adobe Acrobat Studio, now with AI-powered PDF spaces.
--:-- A Martinez: Today will help you love what you do in the future. Learn more at aarp.org slash skills.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: President Trump is in the Gulf state of Qatar on the third day of his trip to the Middle East. He received a standing ovation from a crowd in Saudi Arabia when he vowed to lift U.S. sanctions against Syria.
--:-- A Martinez: And he had compliments for that country's new leader, which he shared with reporters on Air Force One.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: How did you find the Syrian president? Great. I think very good. Good, young, attractive guy, tough guy.
--:-- A Martinez: Syrians celebrated the lifting of sanctions on the streets of Damascus, although all of this is causing some confusion in Syria's neighbor Israel, which was Syria's enemy for decades.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: What does all this mean for a close U.S. ally? Let's ask NPR's Hadil al-Shulchi. She joins us now from Tel Aviv.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: So, President Trump says sanctions on Syria will be lifted. He also said that Syria's new leader is ready to normalize ties with Israel. Is that what he really wants?
--:-- Steve Inskeep: I mean, it really appears so.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: Syrian President Ahmad al-Sharah has been saying he wants no trouble with Israel for months now. And yesterday he said in a speech that Syria will be a land of peace.
--:-- A Martinez: You know the Syrian government has been making these overtures ever since they took power in December, two weeks after the fall of the Assad regime.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: I spoke to the Damascus governor Maher Marwan who said on behalf of his leader Syria wanted cordial relations with Israel.
--:-- A Martinez: This is what he told me. Marwan said we want peace and we cannot be an opponent to Israel or an opponent to anyone else.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: He also told me that he wanted the United States to facilitate those relations.
--:-- A Martinez: And then yesterday, on the heels of Trump's comments, Shara's spokesperson, Ali Rifai, spoke to Israeli media and he backed this up.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: He said, we want peace in the region and that includes Israel.
--:-- A Martinez: So there's no official comment yet, but we do know that Israel was kind of stunned at the news that Trump wants to lift sanctions.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: You know, Israeli media had reported that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged Trump not to lift them.
--:-- A Martinez: Israel's line all along has been that Sharan and his people are terrorists, that Israel must defend itself from them.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: And they say that's why they need to expand. And they've been expanding past a long recognized buffer zone into Syria.
--:-- A Martinez: Israel's also been continuing its bombing campaign in targets in and around Damascus.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: But, you know, at the end of the day here in Israel, Syria, of course, is a consideration. But front of mind is the war in Gaza.
--:-- A Martinez: Yeah, Israel has been continuing the airstrikes there in the past three days. While President Trump is in the region.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: What's going on there? Well, just in the past 24 hours, Gaza health officials said at least 150 Palestinians were killed, including dozens of children in Israeli airstrikes in the north and the south of Gaza.
--:-- A Martinez: You know, Israel's also blocked aid into Gaza for more than 10 weeks now. No food, medical supplies, shelter supplies have entered Gaza in that time.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: Israel says it wants to pressure Hamas to release more hostages that way.
--:-- A Martinez: But aid groups say that Gaza is on the brink of famine, that nearly half a million Palestinians are in, quote, catastrophic levels of hunger.
--:-- A Martinez: During this trip that Trump is on in the Gulf, there haven't been any public talks about a ceasefire.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: But this morning, he did tell reporters that he has concepts for Gaza, that he'd be happy to let the U.S. get involved and he'd make Gaza, quote, a freedom zone.
--:-- A Martinez: All right, that's NPR's Adil al-Salchi from Tel Aviv. Adil, thanks.
--:-- Hadil al-Shulchi: You're welcome.
--:-- A Martinez: Today, the Supreme Court hears arguments over birthright citizenship. The Constitution's 14th Amendment says, in part, all persons born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction are citizens of the United States.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: The Trump administration sought to overturn that language and lost in lower courts. The justices chose to hear the administration's appeal.
--:-- A Martinez: Joining us now is NPR legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: So, Nina, what exactly is the issue in this case?
--:-- A Martinez: Well, A, that's the million-dollar question. At one level, it's about birthright citizenship, namely the constitutional provision that guarantees automatic citizenship to anyone born in the United States.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: The Justice Department, knowing that it almost certainly will lose its claim that the 14th Amendment doesn't really mean what it says, the department has instead asked the court to focus on a separate question, a technical legal question that could make the legal process for challenging any Trump policy far more difficult and lengthy.
--:-- A Martinez: Okay, so this might be an odd one. Can you lay it out for us, please?
--:-- Nina Totenberg: Not only does the text of the 14th Amendment guarantee automatic citizenship, the Supreme Court 127 years ago unanimously declared that is clearly the meaning of the amendment.
--:-- A Martinez: And that precedent has never been disturbed.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: And to put icing on the cake, Congress passed a statute codifying birthright citizenship almost a century ago.
--:-- A Martinez: President Trump, however, has never accepted any of that.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: So on day of his second presidential term, he issued an executive order barring citizenship for any child born in the U.S. whose parents were either not here legally or who were here legally but on a temporary basis, like a work visa.
--:-- A Martinez: Immigrant rights groups and 22 states promptly challenged the Trump order in court.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: Since then, three federal judges, both conservative and liberal, have ruled that the Trump order is, as one put it, blatantly unconstitutional.
--:-- A Martinez: And three separate appeals courts have refused to unblock those orders while appeals are ongoing.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: All right. So given that, then why did the administration go to the Supreme Court on an emergency basis asking it for help?
--:-- A Martinez: Well, as I said, the department certainly knows it's going to lose on birthright. So instead of asking the court to rule on the legality of Trump's executive order, the administration is asking the court to do something else, to curb the power of federal district court judges to do what they did here, not only rule against the administration, but bar enforcement of Trump's executive order nationwide.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: The odd result is that today the context is birthright citizenship, but most of the debate is likely to focus on the tool these judges used called universal injunctions, like the ones in this case that have barred the administration from enforcing its policy anywhere in the country while the case proceeds through the appellate courts in numerous jurisdictions.
--:-- A Martinez: Legal scholars, of course, differ dramatically on this question of nationwide injunctions and whether they're sometimes needed to prevent legal harms from continuing.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: But ultimately, Notre Dame law professor Samuel Bray thinks this case was filed at just the right time psychologically when the justices are slogging through lots of other emergency appeals.
--:-- A Martinez: You just have to imagine the justices are looking at the potential for the emergency docket consuming the entire summer when they're supposed to be away.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: The summer break, he says, is good for the justices. They get time to recharge, let tempers cool and come back from vacation refreshed for a new term in the fall.
--:-- A Martinez: But in layman's terms, this could really screw up their summer.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: And everyone understands that.
--:-- A Martinez: NPR legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg.
--:-- Nina Totenberg: My pleasure. Thank you.
--:-- A Martinez: NPR's Barbara Sprunt. So, Barbara, a big bill, two weeks to go to finish it. Where are they in that process?
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Yeah, so three committees voted yesterday to finalize their portions of this big bill.
--:-- A Martinez: That includes things like extending the 2017 tax cuts, no taxes on tips and overtime, cuts to Medicaid, and cuts to the food assistance program called SNAP.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Now the budget committee is meeting tomorrow to take all the individual bills approved by these various committees and put them into one big package.
--:-- A Martinez: And that is what House leadership wants to vote on next week.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Okay, so that's what they want. Wondering though if they can get it, because we've talked before about the speaker struggling with a narrow majority.
--:-- A Martinez: So what divisions is he dealing with now?
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Yeah, that's right. Well, there's two main groups here. One, members of the Freedom Caucus have pushed back on the current state of bills saying they just won't result in significant enough deficit reduction, which they see as their mandate here.
--:-- A Martinez: And that proposals to add work requirements to Medicaid, the joint federal state health care program for those with disabilities and the elderly and low income, wouldn't kick in soon enough.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: It's worth noting that the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the changes in this House bill mean at least 8.6 million people enrolled in Medicaid could lose coverage.
--:-- A Martinez: And some moderate members worry that those cuts could become a major issue in the midterms next year.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: All right. So who else is upset or worried?
--:-- A Martinez: Well, then you've got the SALT group, members in districts with high property taxes like California and New York who want to see the cap on deduction for state and local taxes be lifted significantly.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: That's expensive to do. So it's fundamentally at odds with members who want to slash spending overall.
--:-- A Martinez: So there's a lot of tension there. And Speaker Johnson is acutely aware of that.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Here he is yesterday. There's red states and blue state folks, right? We got more red state folks in our conference and they have concerns about it.
--:-- A Martinez: We have blue state people who have realities they've got to deal with at home and they need some relief for their constituents.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: So I am trying to be the sort of the neutral umpire in the negotiation and build consensus.
--:-- A Martinez: He said he's confident they'll be able to work out a compromise that everyone can live with, even if everyone isn't fully happy.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: And he's planning on meeting with members concerned about SALT this morning.
--:-- A Martinez: OK, let's just say, Barbara, for a second, that they overcome all of this and the House of Representatives passes that big bill next week.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: What happens then? What happens after that?
--:-- A Martinez: Then comes the Senate, where some Republicans are already throwing cold water on the House's efforts here.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Wisconsin Senator Ron Johnson told our colleague Deirdre Walsh yesterday that the House bill is, quote, a sad joke.
--:-- A Martinez: Several senators on the GOP side have said they can't support it in its current form.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: And this makes some House members concerned.
--:-- A Martinez: You know, there's the dynamic of they don't want to take a vote on a tough package that's going to have some controversial elements like cuts to Medicaid, only to then be rolled by the Senate.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: So up here, it's not just tension within these groups and these factions in the House.
--:-- A Martinez: It's also tension between these two Republican-run chambers.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: That's D.C., right? That's how D.C. works.
--:-- A Martinez: That's NPR's Barbara Sprunt. Barbara, thanks.
--:-- Barbara Sprunt: Thanks, A.
--:-- A Martinez: And that's Up First for Thursday, May 15th. I mean, Martinez.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: And I'm Steve Inskeep. Make your next listen, Consider This from NPR.
--:-- A Martinez: Up First covers three big stories of the day. Consider This drills down on one.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Listen now on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.
--:-- A Martinez: Today's episode of Up First was edited by Krishna Dev Kalimor, Carrie Kahn, Kelsey Snell, Ali Schweitzer, and Alice Wolfley.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: It was produced by Ana Perez, Nia Dumas, and Christopher Thomas.
--:-- A Martinez: We get engineering support from Nisha Hines, and our technical director is Carly Strange.
--:-- Steve Inskeep: Join us again tomorrow. Thank you.
